B2W1

Question 1

Classification of neurons by processes

Answer 1

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Question 2

Anatomy of a neuron

Answer 2

soma, dendrites, axon, presynaptic terminal

Question 3

Classification of neuron by function

Answer 3

special v general
sensory v motor
visceral v somatic

Question 4

Axoplasmic Transport Types

Answer 4

Fast anterograde (mitochondria and vesicle transport, kinsein), Slow anterograde (proteins via actin) , Retrograde (vesicle recycling via dyenin)

Question 5

What embryonic structure gives rise the NS and the skin

Answer 5

ectoderm

Question 6

What NS gives rise from the neural tube v neural crest

Answer 6

neural tube = CNS
neural crest = PNS and PANS
lumen of the neural tube = ventricles, central canal and spinal chord

Question 7

Embryonic divisions of the brain and the structure that they give rise to

Answer 7

(Prosencephalon) Forebrain leads to the cerebral hemispheres
(Mesencephalon) Midbrain becomes the midbrain (movement)
(rhombencephalon) Hindbrain becomes the medulla (toxicitity, BP, HR), pons (sleep) and cerebellum (involuntary movement and coordination)

Question 8

Alar v Basal plates in the neural tube

Answer 8

Alar plate = dorsal horn= afferent = sensory
Basal plate = ventral horn= efferent = motor

Question 9

Spina bifida occulta

Answer 9

disrupt in the closing of the spinal chord leaving to not completely isolated neural tube with often a patch of hair seen where there is a closing error

Question 10

Spina bifida cystica

Answer 10

herniation of the spinal column s/p to incomplete spinal fusion withOUT displacement of spinal chord

Question 11

Myelomeingocele

Answer 11

herniation of spinal chord with displacement of spinal chord

Question 12

Anencephaly

Answer 12

no development of cerebral hemispheres with severe malformation of skull, scalp and brain mater’s

Question 13

cephalocele

Answer 13

partial brain herniation from the skull

Question 14

meingocele

Answer 14

meningeal herniation through the skull or spinal chord

Question 15

Axonal degeneration

Answer 15

1. Degeneration of the synaptic terminal
2. Wallerian degeneration (distal portion of neuron is degraded)
3. Myelin degeneration and relocation
4. Scavenging of debris (microglial/macrophage clean up)
5. Chromatolysis (rearrangement of organelles and nuclear translocation)
6. Retrograde trans neuronal generation (the distal neuron will retract from degenerating cell)
7. Anterograde trans neuronal degeneration ((proximal) anterograde neuron will degenerate)

Question 16

Lobes of the brain

Answer 16

frontal (executive processing, personality, decision making)
parietal (somatosensory control)(pain, movement, temp)
occipital (vision, color)
temporal (sound, language comprehension and development)

Question 17

Dermatomes of the body

Answer 17

Cervical (head, neck, shoulders, outside of arms)
Thoracic (thoracic cavity and back)
Lumbar (lower abdomen, genitals, front of legs)
Sacral (back of legs, anus)

Question 18

Direction of the brain

Answer 18

Dorsal (posterior), ventral (anterior), caudal (down), rostral (toward nose)

Question 19

Neuronal Environment consists of …..?

Answer 19

BECF, capillaries, glial cells, adjacent neurons
*not the BBB

Question 20

Mater layers of the brain

Answer 20

Pia mater (most sensitive, contains the glial cells)
Arachnoid mater (includes BBB, made of tight junctions)
Dura mater (outside of BBB)

Question 21

function of CSF

Answer 21

buoyancy, protection, waste management, and homeostatic control

Question 22

CSF is produced …. and how much is produced a day and in the brain

Answer 22

choroid plexus …. 500 mL produced a day, but 150 mL is in circulation at one time

Question 23

Functional characteristics of choroid plexus

Answer 23

fenestrated capillaries, ependymal cells and tight junctions

Question 24

CSF absorption

Answer 24

Arachnoid granulations and arachnoid villi absorb CSF through transcytosis (making large vesicles) and then pump into the superior sagittal sinus

Question 25

Arachnoid granulations are....?

Answer 25

evaginations of the dura mater which aid in absorption of CSF

Question 26

Net secretion of what ions into the CSF?

Answer 26

Na, HCO3, Cl, H20

Question 27

Net absorption of what ions into the ECF

Answer 27

K+

Question 28

Where membrane is the Na/K pump in the brain

Answer 28

apical

Question 29

Types of channels on the apical membrane (CSF side)

Answer 29

K+ secretion pore, K/Cl cotransporter secretion, Na+/K+ pump, Cl secretion channel, Na/HCO3 secretion cotransporter, H2O pore, Na/K/Cl absorption cotransporter

Question 30

Types of channels on the basolateral membranes (ECF side)

Answer 30

HCO3/Cl counter transporter (HCO3 out, Cl in), Na/H counter transporter (Na in, H out), Na/HCO3 absorption cotransporter, Na/HCO3/Cl countertransporter (Na, HCO3 in, Cl out), H2O absorption pore, K/Cl secretion cotransporter

Question 31

what kind of cells are separating the CSF and ECF?

Answer 31

epithelial cells with tight juntions

Question 32

Composition of the CSF vs the ECF

Answer 32

CSF has double the Mg, ECF has double the K, more proteins, and more AA

Question 33

Circulation of CSF

Answer 33

choroid plexus, lateral ventricle, foramina of Monro, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, forman of Luschka, foramen of magendie, central canal, subarachnoid space, superior sagittal sinus

Question 34

Hydrocephalus

Answer 34

increased production of CSF s/p to injury to meninges or infection of the arachnoid villi

Question 35

Symptoms of hydrocephalus

Answer 35

gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, progressive dementia

Question 36

Hydrocephalus treatment

Answer 36

shunt

Question 37

Hydrocephalus vs cerebral edema

Answer 37

CSF increase v water increase in brain

Question 38

What is the purpose of the BECF

Answer 38

to transport O2, glucose and amino acids into the brain, and transport CO2 and catabolized neurotransmitters out

Question 39

communication between BECF and CSF

Answer 39

done through paracellular gaps in the pia mater - glial cell membrane which aid in maintaining equilibrium

Question 40

What cells make the border between the CSF and BECF

Answer 40

epitherlial

Question 41

What kinds of molecules can pass through the BBB

Answer 41

small, uncharged, lipid soluble molecules

Question 42

MASS POP is what ...?

Answer 42

Acronym for the circumventricular organs M- median eminence - neurohormonal control of ANS A- area Postrema - circulating toxins, initiates vomiting complex S - subfornical organ - circulates angiotensin II S - subcommissural organ P - pineal gland - circadian rhythm O - OVLT (organ vascular of lamina terminalis) (temp, fever initiation) P- posterior pituitary (oxytocin and ADH)

Question 43

BBB components (think of the picture and what is on it)

Answer 43

astrocytes (give it a hug), pericytes (aid in maintenance and immune system function of brain), basement membrane (acts as structural and anchoring support), tight junctions, endothelial cells (inner lining of capillaries), mitochondria

Question 44

Three types of Glial Cells in the CNS

Answer 44

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

Question 45

Types of glial cells in the PNS

Answer 45

Schwann cells, satellite cells, enteric glia`

Question 46

Role of astrocytes

Answer 46

-K+ management -supply fuel to the cell through lactic acid -secrete trophic factors for neuronal survival -vasodilation -makes glutamate and GABA -second messengers

Question 47

where is the only place in the body glutamine can be synthesized

Answer 47

astrocytes

Question 48

Special neurons (visceral v somatic)

Answer 48

-Special visceral neurons are derived from the brachial arch -special somatic neurons hand sensory information from special organs

Question 49

General neurons (visceral v somatic)

Answer 49

general visceral neurons - transmit information from internal organs and do NOT arise from brachial arch general somatic neurons - transmit info to and from non visceral parts (skin,muscle)

Question 50

embryonic development of NS

Answer 50

mesodermal cells make the notochord, notochord undergoes neurulation to make the neuroectoderm, neuroectoderm becomes neural tube and neural crest

Question 51

White vs grey matter

Answer 51

White = myelinated, grey=unmyelinated

Question 52

BBB, ventricles, astrocyte junctions

Answer 52

BBB = tight junctions, ventricles and astrocytes = gap junctions

Question 53

saltory conduction

Answer 53

skipping of action potentials rather than moving down the axon in one motion