B2W2

Question 1

Information flow from dendrite to pre synaptic terminal

Answer 1

dendrite, soma, axon, nerve terminal, presynaptic terminal

Question 2

Action potentials are found ….?

Answer 2

in the axon, within a neuron

Question 3

Graded potentials are found …?

Answer 3

between neurons, synaptic potentials are graded (IPSPs and EPSPs)

Question 4

Vrev for EPSP

Answer 4

0 mV

Question 5

Vrev for IPSP

Answer 5

-71 mV

Question 6

End plate potential location, transmitter, receptor, ions, effect and quantal content

Answer 6

NMJ, ACh, nicotinic AChR, (Na, K), depolarization, 100

Question 7

EPSP location, transmitter, receptor, ions, effect, and quantal content

Answer 7

CNS, Glutamate, ionotropic voltage gated channels, (Na, K), depolarization, 1

Question 8

IPSP location, transmitter, ions, effect, channel, quantal content

Answer 8

CNS, GABA (Brain), glycine (spinal chord), ionotropic voltage gated channels, (Cl-), hyperpolarization, 1

Question 9

Glutamate ionotropic receptors have what kind of configuration

Answer 9

tetramers, different from ACh, seratonin, and GABA which are pentamers

Question 10

AMPA receptors

Answer 10

point to point transmission, permeant to Na (in) , K (out), more likely to be active at -40 mV on the post synaptic membrane

Question 11

NMDA receptors

Answer 11

has slower kinetics due to influx of Na,K AND Ca, needing both glutamate and depolarization of the cell to activate

Question 12

Activation of NMDA receptors

Answer 12

Mg 2+ is released through depolarization of a cell, making it need both glutamate and depolarization to activate

Question 13

Which receptors receive EPSP’s

Answer 13

AMPA, NMDA, and kainate

Question 14

Quantal content v quantal size

Answer 14

Quantal content is the number of vesicles fusing to the presynaptic membrane, while quantal size is the amount of neurotransmitters in a vesicle

Question 15

Facilitation v depression of EPSP

Answer 15

increases in quantal content v reduction in quantal content, requires a high frequency v low frequency, strongest when there is low ability for vesicle fusion v strongest when there is a high quantal content

Question 16

Myasthenia Gravis v Lambert Eaton’s Disease in regards to membrane they affect

Answer 16

MG- autoimmune attack and affects AChR on the post synaptic membrane
LE- autoimmune attack and affects the Ca channels on the presynaptic membrane

Question 17

LTP mechanism of memory formation

Answer 17

LTP has high frequency stimulation leading to higher Ca+ levels, due to the activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors, leading to calmodulin kinase and PKC activation and increase in AMPA receptors on the post synaptic membrane and increase in quantal content

Question 18

LTD mechanism of memory loss

Answer 18

LTD has low frequency stimulation leading to moderate levels of Ca and increase in protein phosphatase activity

Question 19

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain v spinal chord

Answer 19

brain - GABA
spinal chord - glycine

Question 20

How do IPSP’s cause hyperpolarization

Answer 20

shunting with depolarizations - EPSP brings in Na into the cell while IPSP bring in Cl to equilibrate

Question 21

Benzodiazepines affect on GABA channels

Answer 21

increases the frequency of GABA channels opening

Question 22

Barbiturates affect on GABA channels

Answer 22

increases the duration of GABA channels opening

Question 23

Top 5 most prescribed Benzodiazepines:

Answer 23

1. Xanax (alprazolam)
2. Ativan (lorazepam)
3. Klonopin (clonazepam)
4. Valium (Diazepam)
5. Restoril (Temazepam)

Question 24

Dense core vesicle release v small molecule vesicle release

Answer 24

Dense: takes longer, needs more Ca, need high frequency stimulation

Small: rapid release due to location to the terminal, less Ca needed

Question 25

Ionotropic v Metabotropic receptors

Answer 25

ion: voltage gated ion channels leading to muscle contraction, uses glutamate, ACh, serotonin, ATP, uses (Na,K) for excitatory and (cl) for inhibitory Meta: GPCRs, slow using cascades, lead to hyperpolarization when in cardiac myocytes, can be excitatory, inhibitory or modularly with use of peptides, opioids, NE, epi, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, Ach, GABA

Question 26

Neuromodulation of long depolarizations

Answer 26

Using NE you can reduce adaptation periods, and then restore adaptive depolarizations with washout of NE

Question 27

Neuromodulations of short depolarizations

Answer 27

decrease after hyperpolarization's by inhibiting slow Ca+ dependent K channels and then restore using washout

Question 28

Phasic

Answer 28

frequent spiking of depolarizations followed by period of adaptation

Question 29

Tonic

Answer 29

frequent spiking of depolarizations due to neuromodulation, leading to an increase of frequency

Question 30

Divergent neurotransmitter

Answer 30

There is one neurotransmitter which is able to affect many receptors and elicit multiple different responses (ex. NE)

Question 31

Convergent neurotransmitter

Answer 31

There are multiple neurotransmitters which are acting on the same channel/receptor leading to multiple signals converging !

Question 32

Basic relay steps for synapse (general)

Answer 32

action potential travels down axon, Na channels open at the presynaptic terminal, voltage gated Ca channels open at presynaptic terminal, rise in Ca triggers vesicle fusion, followed by neurotransmitter release across the presynaptic cleft and into the postsynaptic cell, followed by neurotransmitter breakdown (diffusion, breakdown, reuptake)