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Biology gcse > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

Detect the change in the environment and send this information as nervous impulses

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2
Q

Where are receptor cells found?

A

In the sense organ

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3
Q

Role of sensory, relay and motor neurones?

A

Carry the electrical impulses from the receptor cells to CNS
Carry the electrical impulses from CNS to effector
Carry the information from the sensory to motor neurones

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4
Q

What is an effector?

A

A response:

  • glands secrete hormones
  • muscles contract
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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The electrical impulses trigger a release of transmitter chemicals, which diffuse across the gap of two neurones and attach to the receptor molecules - setting off a new chemical impulse

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6
Q

Adaptions of neurones to speed transmission

A
  • long neurones

- myelin sheath: insulator less energy wasted

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7
Q

How does the lens change to focus on nearby

A

objects

  • lens becomes fatter (more convex)
  • ciliary muscle contracts
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8
Q

How are images formed?

A

When light is focused on the retina, photoreceptors in the retina produce a nervous impulse that travels down the optic nerve, to the brain, where it is interpreted as a visual image

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9
Q 
Cornea 
Pupil 
Iris 
Lens 
Ciliary body
A

C - protects the eye, refracts light
P - allows light to enter the eye
I - controls how much light enters the eye by contracting / relaxing
L - refracts light onto the retina
CB - controls lens shape, by contracting / relaxing

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10
Q

Short sightedness

A
  • eyeball to long, lens too strong
  • bends light too much
  • light focuses in front of the retina
  • concave
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11
Q

Long sightedness

A
  • eyeball too small, lens to weak
  • doesn’t refract light enough
  • focus behind the retina
  • convex
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12
Q

What are the types of receptor cells?

A

Rods
- dim light
Cones
- colours

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13
Q 
Cerebrum
Cerebellum 
Medulla 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland
A

C - milc , consciousness, language, intelligence, memory
C - posture, balance
M - involuntary actions, breathing, heart rate
H - controls temperature and water levels, produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland
P - stores and releases hormones

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14
Q

Damage to peripheral nervous system

A

Tissue can be regrafted over damaged tissue. Restoring neurone pathway.

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15
Q

What is it hard to repair the CNS?

A

Spinal cord - 1.5cm diameter
- 31 pair of nerves
Repairing damage is hard to do without damaging others

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16
Q

Treatments for CNS damage

A 
Radiotherapy 
- brain tumour 
Surgery 
- replace damaged brain tissue 
Deep brain stimulation 
- inserting electrodes to stimulate brain function
17
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Consists of glands that produce hormones

chemical messengers that regulate body functions

18
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • receptor detects a change in environment

- effectors work to reverse the change and restore original conditions

19
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Regulates the bodies metabolic rate

20
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The speed at which the body transfers energy from its chemical store in order to carry out functions

21
Q

How are thyroxine levels controlled?

A

The hypothalamus detects a change in environment and stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine
Thyroxine increases metabolic rate - cells have more energy

22
Q

What effect does adrenaline have?

A

Respires faster - more ATP
Increases heart rate
Faster breathing
Diverts blood to muscles instead of kidneys

23
Q

What controls the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH - matures the egg, stimulates oestrogen production
Oestrogen - inhibits FSH, stimulates LH production, thickens lining (4)
LH - release egg, ovulation, stimulates progesterone, inhibits oestrogen
Progesterone - maintains lining, inhibits LH, low FSH = high progesterone

24
Q

What do oestrogen / progesterone tablets do?

A

Prevents implantation and ovulation

Thickens mucus

25
Q

What is tropism?

A

Growth towards / away a stimulus detected in the environment

26
Q

What do auxins in root cells do?

A

Inhibits growth

27
Q

Auxins
Gibberellins
Ethene

A

A- Stimulate growth by cell elongation, regulate fruit development
G - promote growth, end the dormancy period of seeds and buds
E - ripens fruit, conversion of starch into glucose

28
Q 
Killing weeds 
Promoting root growth 
Delaying ripening 
Ripening 
Seedless fruits 
Controlling dormancy
A 
K - auxins 
P - auxins
D - auxins 
R - Ethene
S - auxins and gibberellin 
C - gibberellin
29
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintainence of a constant internal environment

30
Q

What happens when your too hot ?

A

Sweat glands produced
Vasodilation - blood vessels dilate
Body hairs lower

31
Q

What happens when your too cold?

A

Body hairs rise
Vasoconstriction- blood vessels narrow
Sweat stopped
Shivering

32
Q

What happens if blood sugar levels are too high?

A

The pancreas secretes insulin into the blood stream
This travels to the liver
Makes the liver turn glucose into glycogen

33
Q

What happens if blood sugar levels are too low

A

Pancreas secretes glucagon into the blood

Makes the liver convert glycogen into glucose

34
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 happens when pancreatic cells are destroyed by the immune system
- insulin injections
Type 2 can’t effectively use insulin
- regulating carbohydrate intake

35
Q

How is urine produced?

A 
Knot of capillaries in the glomerulus forces small molecules out 
- glucose, water, urea, salt 
Selective réabsorption
- glucose immediately 
- sufficient salt and water
36
Q

How does the body control urine?

A

Hypothalamus detects water potential
Secretes ADH from pituitary
- makes collecting duct more permeable to water

37
Q

What happens if water potential is too low?

A

More ADH secreted
Makes collecting ducts more permeable
More water absorbed back into the bloodstream
Concentrated small urine

Biology gcse (3 decks)

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