B3

Question 1

what are pathogens?

Answer 1

pathogens are microorganisms that cause a disease

Question 2

what disease can pathogens cause

Answer 2

Pathogens can cause a virus, bacteria, fungi and protists

Question 3

How can pathogens spread?

Answer 3

Pathogens can spread by direct contact, by water or air

Question 4

what are viruses ?

Answer 4

Viruses are lived and produced in the cells and causes damaged cells, such as HIV

Question 5

What is a bacteria?

Answer 5

Bacterias are produced by poisons (toxins) that damage the tissue and makes us feel ill such as salmonella

Question 6

what are the symptoms of measles

Answer 6

The symptoms of measles could be a

• fever
• red skin rash

Question 7

Why are young children vaccinated?

Answer 7

Childrens are vaccinated to be prevented from measles that can be fatal

Question 8

How can measles be spread?

Answer 8

Measles can be spread by the inhalation of the droplets from somes sneeze or cough

Question 9

WHat does HIV cause and how can it be controlled?

Answer 9

HIV causes a flu illness and is controlled by drugs/ medicine

Question 10

What causes black spots in plants? and how is it spread?

Answer 10

Fungus causes black spots in plants and is spread by wind or water

Question 11

what is reduced when rose black spots is presents?

Answer 11

Photosynthesis is reduced if rose black water is present

Question 12

How is rose black spots treated?

Answer 12

Rose black spots are treated using fungicides or removing the affected leaf

Question 13

what is Tobacco mosaic virus? (TMV)

Answer 13

Tobacco mosaic is a virus! tmV

Question 14

Give an example of a plant that can be affected my Tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 14

Tomato plants can be affected by TMV

Question 15

How can you identify TMV ?

Answer 15

you can identify TMV by seeing the discolouration of the leaves which affects the growth

Question 16

Examples of bacteria (toxins)

Answer 16

Examples of bacteria (toxins)

• Salmonella
• Gonorrhea

Question 17

what is salmonella and how is it spread?

Answer 17

Salmonella is the food poisoning and is spread by ingested food prepared in unhygienic condition/ area

Question 18

State one thing about the UK poultry

Answer 18

The UK poultry’s are vaccinated against salmonella to prevent the spread

Question 19

What symptoms do salmonella cause?

Answer 19

Salmonella causes

• vomiting
• Fever
• Diarrhea

Question 20

What type of pathogen is “gonorrhea”

Answer 20

Gonorrhea is a Bacteria (toxin)

Question 21

What is gonorrhea?

Answer 21

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease

Question 22

What are the symptoms of Gonorrhea?

Answer 22

Symptoms of gonorrhea is a thick yellow discharge or pain when urinating

Question 23

How can gonorrhea be treated?

Answer 23

Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics

Question 24

How is gonorrhea spread?

Answer 24

Gonorrhea is spread by sexual contact

Question 25

what type of pathogen is malaria?

Answer 25

Malaria is a protist

Question 26

what does malaria cause

Answer 26

Malaria causes fever and can be fatal

Question 27

how is the spread of malaria controlled

Answer 27

Malaria is controlled by using a mosquito net to avoid being bitten

Question 28

what are vectors

Answer 28

vectors are animals that spread/carry a disease

Question 29

how does the skin help fight against the pathogens

Answer 29

the skin helps fight against the pathogens by which acts as a barrier/ protective layer

Question 30

how does the nose helps prevent against pathogens?

Answer 30

The nose contains a sticky layer called mucus and stops anything from entering

Question 31

how does the stomach helps prevent against pathogen

Answer 31

the stomach helps prevent against pathogens as it creates an acid with destroys any microorganism

Question 32

what does white blood cell prevent?

Answer 32

white blood cell helps prevent against any pathogens

Question 33

name 3 examples of how the white blood cells help to defend against pathogens

Answer 33

the white blood cells defend against pathogens by using

• phagocytosis
• antibody production
• antitoxin production

Question 34

explain phagocytosis

Answer 34

phagocytosis is when phagocytes ingest the pathogens

Question 35

explain antibody production

Answer 35

antibody production is when a lymphocyte produces antibodies
NOTE: different antibodies are needed for different pathogens

Question 36

what are antibodies? (skip)

Answer 36

antibodies are Proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

Question 37

what are antigens? (skip)

Answer 37

antigens is a substance that induces the immune systems

Question 38

explain antitoxins production

Answer 38

Lymphocyte also releases antitoxins this is when toxins stick to them
lymphocyte helps prevents them from damaging the body

Question 39

what are “antibiotics”

Answer 39

Antibiotics are medicines that help cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria

Question 40

what do antibodies do?

Answer 40

Antibodies help treat against the disease by cannot kill pathogens

Question 41

what is a vaccination?

Answer 41

Vaccination prevents people from getting ill

being immune means that white blood cells can react quickly as memory cells are produced

Question 42

why are drugs tested on plants now?

Answer 42

plant cells are tested on the plant to make sure they are safe and effective and are tested for the dose and toxicity

Question 43

where is preclinical testing done?

Answer 43

preclinical testing is done in the lab using cells tissue and animals

Question 44

what are clinical trials

Answer 44

clinical trials are when it’s done on healthy volunteers

they start by giving a low dose and if it’s safe they’ll try the optimum dose

Question 45

cholera is spread by what?

Answer 45

cholera is spread by water by drinking or bathing in contaminated water

Question 46

what happens if a planet lacks nitrate ions

Answer 46

If a planet lacks nitrate ions, the growth can be stunted