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GCSE AQA- Biology > Consolidation > Flashcards

Consolidation Flashcards

b1234 (53 cards)

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1
Q

plant cell

A

contain

  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • vacuole
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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2
Q

Animal cell

A

contains

  • cell wall
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
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3
Q

what does a plant cell contain that an animal cell doesn’t?

A

doesn’t share

  • cell wall
  • vacuole
  • chloroplast
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4
Q

Bacterial cell

A

contains

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • chromosomes
  • flagella
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
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5
Q

magnification

A

image height/ object height

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6
Q

DNA

A

atcg

  • in double helix
  • the double helix is to long so is formed into a chromosomes
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7
Q

mitosis

A

one parent to identical cells

  • dna in the nucleus condenses
  • lines up in the middle
  • pulled up and new nuclei are formed used separated into sperate cell
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8
Q

stem cell

A

has the ability to become any different types of cell
benefits
- can grow brain cells
- new organs can grow rather than waiting

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9
Q

method to make a new nuclei

A
  • take nuclei from an egg
  • nuclei from a patient into an empty egg
  • the egg starts to develop as an embryo
  • stem cells are then removed
  • stem cells are turned into new cells
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10
Q

objection to stem cells

A

destructing one’s life

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11
Q

diffusion

A

high to low concentration
move from an area inside the cell or move out of a cell
example in the lungs (alveoli)

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12
Q

osmosis

A

movement in water
partially membrane
high to low concentration

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13
Q

active transport

A 
from the membrane 
high to low concentration 
uses energy 
examples of where it can happen 
- glucose in the guts
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14
Q

tissue

A

one type of cell and one function

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15
Q

organ

A

made up from diff type of cell and carries a joint function

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16
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that works together to carry a function

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17
Q

digestive system

A 
mouth- the breakdown of food 
salivary glands- produce amylase
liver- produces bile 
gall bladder- stores bile 
small intestine- has a large surface area 
stomach - kills bacteria 
pancreas- produce enzymes  
large intestine- removes excess water 
rectum- gets rid of waste food
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18
Q

lipase

A

breaks down fat into fatty acids/glycerol
made in pancreas/ small intestine
works in small intestines

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19
Q

protease

A

breaks down proteins into amino acids
made in the stomach and pancreas and small intestines
works in the stomach and small intestines

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20
Q

amylase

A

Breaks it down into starch and made into starch
made in the salivary glands and pancreas
works in the mouth and small intestines

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21
Q

Temperatures in photosynthesis

A

if there is a low temperature, not enough energy

peak is optimum temperature after they denature

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22
Q

pH in photosynthesis

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A

optimum temperature is still there

too high/low bonds active sights break down and denature

23
Q

The heart

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A

has double system
flows blood from the heart to lungs back to the heart to the rest of the body
vena cava blood enters right atrium down to valve into the right ventricle and up to lungs by the pulmonary artery comes back into the heart by the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, into the left ventricle and then its pumped to the rest of the body by the aorta
valves only allow blood to flow
right- blood to lungs
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood
veins deoxygenated blood

24
Q

Arteries

Study These Flashcards
A

thick walls- carry blood under high-pressure

thin lumen- a gap in the middle

25
Capillaries
small- only one cell thick to allow diffusion
26
Veins
veins carry deoxygenated blood and back to the heart so carry valve and thin walls and thick lumen as they carry blood under low pressure
27
blood
red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more space to carry oxygen (main function) white blood cell is part of the immune system platelets help the blood clots
28
Cardiovascular disease
contain fatty stuff building up between the artery and can lead to a blood clot blood clot can block an artery and restrict the oxygen and cells are lost and cause a heart attack
29
Risk factors of cardiovascular disease
- smoking - high blood pressure - too much salt/fat in diet
30
Health
``` overall of physical and mental wellbeing affected by - diet - exercise - community (lonely) - genes ```
31
epidemiology study
wide population to look for and different risk factors
32
cancer
when cells divide uncontrollably and lead to lumps (first sign) types of cancer - benign tumours: slow and harmless such as a mole - malignant tumours: fast aggressive RISK FACTORS - smoking (lung cancer) - Diet (reduce the chance of ball cancer) - time in the sun (skin cancer)
33
Leaf structure
palisade mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place epidermal tissue- the protective layer under the cell Spongy mesophyll- where photosynthesis takes place the cuticle is the waxy layer Guard and stomata are where transpiration takes place
34
plant structure
Xylem- transports water and mineral in the plants | Phloem carries ions and food
35
factors the affects the transpiration
bright light leads to more transpiration more light= more photosynthesis so more water is needed high temperature= more transpiration as the rate of reaction is faster higher wind= more transpiration because wind if going to be moving things and diffusion takes place
36
Pathogen
a microorganism that causes a disease examples= virus bacteria fungi protists spreads by AIR (cough) TOUCH (bacteria) BLOOD ( sexual fluid) or VECTORS (mosquitoes) measles spread by liquid droplets in the air examples if one inhales someone's sneeze common in children
37
HIV
the virus spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles, childbirth, infected blood HIV attacks white blood cells if white blood cells are attacked tell immune cells
38
TMV
is a virus from a plant using direct contact | able to see if their a reduces chlorophyll
39
Salmonella
bacteria and is caused by eating infected food rare in the uk as they are vaccinated causes diarrhoea and fever dehydration
40
gonnerriea
bacteria and is spread by sexual contact | implications are thick green smelly discharge and pain when urinating and bleeding
41
Rose black spot
caused by a fungus | implication of discolouration of leaf
42
immune system
consumer pathogens- white pathogens will engulf any dangers produce any antitoxins produces antibodies to recognise pathogens quickly
43
Antibiotics
kills bacteria | used everywhere and is running out
44
New drugs
used to test toxicity and the dose | Dose- how much is needed to be affected
45
Penicillin
discovered in 1928 | clears up infections and bacterial growth
46
Aspirin
pain killer
47
Foxgloves
toxic from plants and is a heart drug
48
Aphids
they such all the water and nutrients | ants eat the aphids
49
photosynthesis
takes water and carbon dioxide into glucose and water The endothermic reaction takes in energy needs chlorophyll water and carbon dioxide and light
50
Respiration
Glucose and oxygen is needed to make water and carbon dioxide is an exothermic reaction and energy is given out
51
Anaerobic respiration
without oxygen glucose= Energy and lactic acids not a lot of energy is needed because glucose isnt fully broken down lactic acid builds an oxygen debt
52
Anaerobic respiration in yeast
yeast + glucose into carbon and ethanol
53
Metabolism
The rate of chemical reactions that takes place in the body such as glucose into starch cellulose are glycogen fatty acids= lipids amino acids are proteins glucose + nitrate for amino acid protein form urea and all involves energy energy from respiration in the mitochondria

GCSE AQA- Biology (8 decks)

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