Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

GCSE Biology Revision > B3 - infection and response > Flashcards

B3 - infection and response Flashcards

(129 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

give 4 primary non specific defences of the body

A

skin
nose
trachea + bronchi
stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the primary defences of the body are specific/nonspecific

A

specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

give 2 ways the skin defends against pathogens

A

secretes antimicrobials to kill pathogens
physical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how is the nose a primary defence against pathogens

A

hairs and mucus trap air particles and prevent pathogens entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 2 things in the nose prevent pathogens entering

A

mucus and hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the trachea and the bronchi act as a primary non specific defence against disease

A

lined with cilia cells and mucus
cilia wafts mucus up into the mouth
where it is swallowed
and stomach acid destroys it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do the trachea and bronchi have which traps pathogens and is then swallowed

A

cilia cells and mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what wafts mucus up the trachea to be swallowed

A

cilia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the stomach do to be barrier against pathogens

A

produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

phagocytes are a specific/nonspecific defence

A

nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

every cell has ___on the outside

A

antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

antigens are ___and ___specific

A

species
individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what to antigens allow the immune system to do

A

recognise cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

antigens are found on the __of the pathogen and on ___produced by the pathogen

A

surface
toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are antigens

A

protein markers which trigger a white blood cell response in the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

remember that the antiGen is the Genetics of the cell

A

memory trick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the process called in which a phagocyte engulfs, digests and destroys a pathogen

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____theory can explain why anti toxins are specific to toxins

A

lock and key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

at the end of an infection white blood cells can specialise into what

A

memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the advantage of memory cells

A

they produce antibodies rapidly and in large concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does it mean if someone has immunity

A

they have memory cells for a specific disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

memory cells ___the pathogen before it causes ____

A

destroy
symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a vaccine

A

a dead or inactive form of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does a vaccination rollout lead to

A

disease immunity then eventually herd immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how do vaccines stop the spread of disease
they promote immunity which prevents pathogen transmission
26
vaccines cause ____production which eventually leads to the creation of ___cells
antibody memory
27
antibody levels are higher/lower on second exposure
higher
28
antibodies are produced faster/slower on second exposure
faster
29
give 3 types of antimicrobials
antibiotics antivirals antifungals
30
give a type of antibiotic
penicillin
31
who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
32
what was penicillin discovered in
mould
33
what is antibacterial resistance
when bacteria no longer responds to antibiotics
34
bacteria can undergo ___which make it antibiotic resistant
mutations
35
in anti biotic rich areas such as a ____, it is more/less likely antibiotic resistant bacteria will grow
hospital more
36
due to ___anti biotic resistant bacteria survive and reproduce
evolution
37
some bacteria can ___or ____DNA which is antibiotic resistant after death
conjugate (transfer DNA by contact) pass on/reproduce
38
give an example of an antibiotic resistant strain of bacteria
MRSA
39
what is MRSA known as
a superbug
40
what does MRSA cause
staphylococcus aurieus
41
MRSA is resistant to one/multiple antibiotic(s)
multiple
42
what is aspirin made from
the bark of willow trees
43
what is digitalis made from
foxgloves
44
what does digitalis do
treats heart conditions
45
what does aspirin do
its an anti inflammatory
46
how long does a drug trial take usually
12 years
47
what is toxicity another word for
safety
48
what does efficacy mean in the context of drug trials
how well it works to treat a disease
49
how many drugs are tested in preclinical trials
10 000
50
what is the very first stage of a drug trail called
preclinical trial - its mainly for research and discovery
51
what is the preclinical trial part 1 tested for
efficacy
52
when drugs are tested on cells and tissues and on animals this is a test for what
toxicity
53
what 3 things are drugs tested on in preclinical trials
animals, cells and tissues
54
what is the stage 1 of clinical trials
tested on small groups of healthy people
55
what 2 things does the test on small groups of healthy people test for
toxicity and side effects and dosage
56
why don't they test a drug on sick people before healthy ones
the sick people are more vulnerable
57
what is the clinical trail stage 2
testing on small groups of patients doing a double blind trial
58
you start at a low/high dosage and work down/up
low up
59
clinical trials stage 3 is what
double blind trial with a larger group of people
60
what is the placebo
a fake drug - a saline injection or sugar pill
61
why is it called a double blind trial
neither doctors nor patients know who has placebo and who has the drug
62
what % receive the drug and what % the placebo
50 50
63
what is the final stage of a clinical trial
peer review
64
give 3 things peer review does
checks validity of the test prevents false claims prevents bias
65
give an example of a non peer reviewed paper
MMR vaccine (for measles/mumps) was causing autism
66
give an example of a drug trial that didn't work properly and caused issues as it was a harmful drug in some cases
thalidomide
67
thalidomide wasn't tested on what group of people
pregnant women
68
why did pregnant women take thalidomide
to prevent morning sickness
69
what did thalidomide do
caused underdeveloped limbs in babies (affected the baby boomer generation)
70
what is a vector
an organism that spreads disease from one organism to another
71
give 3 examples of vectors
fleas, aphids and mosquitoes
72
what is binary fission
the process by which prokaryotic cells divide
73
how do bacteria cause damage
by releasing toxins
74
binary fission is slow/rapid
rapid
75
how does bacteria cause sickness
replicating outside of our cells and producing toxins than damage tissues
76
bacteria are pro/eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
77
are viruses cells?
no
78
viruses can/cannot replicate on their own
cannot
79
where do viruses replicate in our body
inside our cells
80
how do viruses damage you
they replicate inside your cells using your DNA then your cell starts to produce the virus then the cell bursts and the virus is released damaging the host cells and making you ill
81
which is smaller by a factor of 100 compared to the other viruses or bacteria
virus
82
bacteria are 100 times smaller/bigger than our cells
smaller
83
what is the pathogen for malaria
protist
84
give 3 ways of transmitting disease
air water contact food that is uncooked or uncontaminated
85
give 2 things that can transmit a virus through the air
cough/sneezing talking/breathing
86
give an example of a way a disease can be spread through water
drinking dirty water containing faecal matter
87
give 3 ways contact can transmit disease
sexual and skin contact animal bites cuts and stratches or dirty needles
88
how many types of communicable disease do you need to know
7
89
name all the communicable diseases you need to know
tobacco mosaic virus rose black spot HIV measels gonorrhoea salmonella malaria
90
what type of pathogen is measles
virus
91
how is measles transmitted
the air
92
give 3 symptoms of measles
red rash rever impending death
93
give 2 ways measles can be prevented
isolation vaccination of infants with MMR vaccine
94
what type of vaccine is used against measles
MMR
95
HIV is a bacteria/virus
virus obviously
96
what does HIV virus do
destroys white blood cells reducing immune defence against infections
97
how is HIV transmitted
sexually/exchange of bodily fluids in any way eg drug users sharing needles
98
give the early symptoms of HIV
flu and temperature
99
what is the later symptom of HIV
AIDS
100
HIV left untreated turns to what
AIDS
101
what does it mean to have aids
immune system is severely damaged and small infections can be fatal
102
what is the treatment for HIV
antiretrovirals
103
what is the prevention for HIV
condoms
104
what does tobacco mosaic virus do
damages plant chloroplasts and prevents some photosynthesis - stunting growth
105
give 2 plant symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus
stunted growth and mosaic pattern on leaves
106
what organelle does tobacco mosaic virus damage
chloroplasts
107
what type of pathogen is salmonella
bacteria
108
give 4 symptoms of salmonella
vomiting diarrhoea stomach cramps fever
109
how is salmonella transmitted
by uncooked or contaminated food
110
how is salmonella prevented
vaccination of chickens or poultry
111
what type of pathogen is gonorrhoea
bacteria
112
what are 2 symptoms of gonorrhoea
yellow/green smelly discharge from penis or vagina pain while urinating
113
what is the treatment for gonorrhoea
antibiotics
114
what is the prevention for gonorrhoea
condoms
115
what is malaria pathogen
protist
116
give 2 symptoms of malaria
recurring fever impending death
117
how is malaria transmitted
carried by the mosquito vector transmitted by the mosquito BITE
118
give 5 preventative measures for malaria
vaccination insecticides not living near marshy areas mosquito nets malaria tablets
119
what type of pathogen is rose black spot
fungus
120
what is a symptom of rose black spot
black spots on the leaves of roses
121
where there are black spots on the leaves of roses affected by rose black spot there are no ___-
chloroplasts
122
plants affected by rose black spot will get
stunted growth
123
give 2 ways rose black spot can be transmitted
wind water
124
give 2 ways of preventing rose black spot
burn affected leaves fungicides
125
give the one disease caused by fungus
rose black spot
126
give all diseases (in the spec) caused by virus
HIV tobacco mosaic measles
127
give all diseases (In spec) caused by bacteria
gonorrhoea salmonella
128
give all diseases in spec caused by protist
malaria
129

GCSE Biology Revision (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions