B3 Infection And Response

Question 1

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

Answer 1

Fungi
Protist
Bacteria /Bacterium
Virus

Question 2

How is the Fungi “rose black spots” spread and prevented?

Answer 2

Spread by wind and water, prevented by fungicides /destroying infected leaves.

Question 3

How is the Protist “Malaria” spread and prevented?

Answer 3

Spread by mosquito vectors and prevented by mosquito nets

Question 4

How is the bacteria “Salmonella” spread and prevented?

Answer 4

Spread by eating contaminated food and prevented by hygienic food preparation

Question 5

How is the bacteria “Gonorrhoea” spread and prevented?

Answer 5

Spread by sexual contact and prevented by condoms and antibiotics

Question 6

How is the virus “measles” spread and prevented?

Answer 6

Spread by airborne droplets and prevented by vaccination (of children)

Question 7

How is the virus “HIV” spread and prevented?

Answer 7

Spread by sexual contact and bodily fluid exchange, prevented by confined and avoiding sharing needles

Question 8

How do the virus “tobacco mosaic virus” symptoms appear?

Answer 8

Mosaic pattern on leaves- reducing photosynthesis and growth

Question 9

What the the 4 non specific defence systems against pathogens?

Answer 9

•Skin
•Nose
•Trachea and bronchi
•Stomach

Question 10

What bodily defence acts as a barrier against pathogens?

Answer 10

Skin

Question 11

Which bodily defence uses hairs and mucus to trap particles containing pathogens?

Answer 11

Nose

Question 12

Which bodily defence uses mucus to trap pathogens ,and cilia to waft mucus up to the throat for swallowing?

Answer 12

Trachea and bronchi

Question 13

Which bodily defence uses hydrochloric acid to kill pathogens?

Answer 13

Stomach

Question 14

What 3 ways do white blood cells attack pathogens?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis, producing antibodies, producing antitoxins

Question 15

In phagocytosis, pathogens get what before being digested by the white blood vessel

Answer 15

Engulfed

Question 16

In phagocytosis, pathogens are engulfed by the white blood cells and are then what?

Answer 16

Digested

Question 17

In white blood cells producing antibodies, they are what to the pathogen?

Answer 17

Specific

Question 18

The antibodies that are produced from white blood cells will attack all copies of what in the body?

Answer 18

All copes of pathogens

Question 19

When the white blood cells attack produces antitoxins, they counteract the toxins produced by what ?

Answer 19

Invading bactera

Question 20

Vaccinations are what?

Answer 20

Dead or weakened version of a vaccine

Question 21

Within a vaccine, the white blood cells produce antibodies in response to the dead pathogen, meaning that when live pathogens attack the antibodies can what?

Answer 21

Attack the pathogen

Question 22

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 22

Kill specific bacteria

Question 23

Where does the Heart drug digitalis come from?

Answer 23

Fox gloves

Question 24

Where does the painkiller aspirin come from?

Answer 24

Willow trees

Question 25

Where does the antibiotic penicillin come from?

Answer 25

Penicillium mould

Question 26

Where do viruses live and reproduce which makes it difficult for drugs to kill them?

Answer 26

Inside host cells

Question 27

What do painkillers do that’s different from antibiotics?

Answer 27

Treat symptoms but don’t kill the pathogen

Question 28

What are the 3 things drugs are tested for?

Answer 28

•Toxicity •Efficacy •Dosage

Question 29

What is Toxicity?

Answer 29

How harmful the drug is

Question 30

What is Effifacy?

Answer 30

Whether the drug works and produces the correct effect

Question 31

What is dosage?

Answer 31

The concerntration that should be given

Question 32

What is the first stage of preclinical testing?

Answer 32

Testing on human cells and tissue

Question 33

What is the second stage of preclinical testing?

Answer 33

Testing on live wnimals

Question 34

What is the first stage of clinical trials?

Answer 34

Testing on healthy volunteers

Question 35

What is the second stage of clinical trials?

Answer 35

Testing on ill patients (finding optimum dose)

Question 36

What is the third stage of clinical trials?

Answer 36

Peer review

Question 37

What is a double blind trial?

Answer 37

Trial where both Doctor and patient are unaware of who has drug and who as placebo to prevent bias

Question 38

What is a placebo?

Answer 38

Substances that are like the drug being tested but have no effects