B4-023 Mechanics of Ventilation

Question 1

inspiration is [active/passive]

Answer 1

active

Question 2

expiration is [active/passive]

Answer 2

passive

Question 3

lungs intrinsic tendency to deflate following inhalation

Answer 3

elastic recoil

Question 4

PPL at rest is always

Answer 4

-5

Question 5

when no airflow, PA is always

Answer 5

0

Question 6

transpulmonary pressure equation

Answer 6

PA-PPL

Question 7

pressure of gas is […] related to volume

Answer 7

inversely

Question 8

increasing the lung volume […] pressure

Answer 8

decreases

air can enter lung

Question 9

decreasing lung volume […] pressure

Answer 9

increases

air exits

Question 10

normal atmospheric pressure adjusts to […] cm H20 for ventilation equations

Answer 10

0 cm H2O

Question 11

at rest with no inspiration, atmospheric and alveolar pressures are

Answer 11

zero

Question 12

intrapleural pressure is […] than atmospheric pressure

Answer 12

less

less than 0

Question 13

at rest, intrapleural pressure is

Answer 13

-5 cm H2O

Question 14

during inspiration, intrapleural pressure decreases to

Answer 14

-8 cm H2O

Question 15

as the lungs increase in size, alveolar pressure

Answer 15

decreases

Question 16

near the end of inspiration, alveolar pressure is

Answer 16

-1 cm H2O

alveoli increase in size, causes air to enter lungs

Question 17

what is happening in the respiratory cycle mid inspiration?

discuss volume, alveolar pressure, PPL, air flow

Answer 17

volume: increasing
alveolar pressure: decreasing
PPL: decreasing

air flowing into lungs

Question 18

what is happening in the respiratory cycle at end of inspiration?

discuss volume, alveolar pressure, PPL, air flow

Answer 18

volume: has reached tidal volume
alveolar pressure: zero
PPL: -8 cm H2O
air flow has ceased

Question 19

as lungs increase in size, alveolar pressure

Answer 19

decreases

Question 20

pressure needed to keep lungs inflated

Answer 20

TPP

Question 21

at rest, PTP is

Answer 21

5 cm H2O

Question 22

relationship between PTP and PPL in static conditions

Answer 22

PTP= -PPL

Question 23

when given in a problem, FRC means

Answer 23

at rest

Question 24

decreasing volume during expiration returns PPL to

Answer 24

-5 cm H2O

Question 25

during expiration, alveolar pressure increases to

Answer 25

+1 cm H2O

Question 26

what is happening in the respiratory cycle mid expiration? | discuss volume, alveolar pressure, PPL, air flow

Answer 26

volume: decreasing PA: rises PPL: rising air exits lung

Question 27

what is happening in the respiratory cycle at end of expiration? | discuss volume, alveolar pressure, PPL, air flow

Answer 27

volume: return to resting PA: zero PPL: -5 cm H2O air has exited lungs

Question 28

pressure balance at the end of expiration

Answer 28

FRC

Question 29

the amount of air inspired or expired in a single breath

Answer 29

tidal volume

Question 30

normal resting tidal volume

Answer 30

500 mL

Question 31

volume of air breathed above tidal volume

Answer 31

inspiratory reserve volume | IRV

Question 32

volume of air that can be forced out in addition to tidal volume

Answer 32

expiratory reserve volume | ERV

Question 33

volume of air that cannot be forced out, no matter how hard one tries

Answer 33

residual volume | RV

Question 34

amount of air that can be inspired following normal expiration

Answer 34

vital capacity (VC)

Question 35

VC equation

Answer 35

IRV+TV+ERV

Question 36

amount of air in the lungs following normal exhalation

Answer 36

functional reserve capacity | FRC

Question 37

FRC equation

Answer 37

ERV + RV

Question 38

maximal volume to which lungs can be expanded with greatest effort

Answer 38

total lung capacity | TLC

Question 39

TLC equations | 3

Answer 39

* IC+FRC * **VC+RV** * ERV+RV+IRV+VT

Question 40

change in volume of lungs for a given change in PTP

Answer 40

compliance

Question 41

resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during expiration

Answer 41

resistance

Question 42

* done as rapidly as possible * provides and indirect measurement of airway resistance

Answer 42

FVC | forced vital capacity

Question 43

volume that can be exhaled in first second of FVC maneuver

Answer 43

FEV1 | forced expiratory volume

Question 44

normal FEV1/FVC is

Answer 44

.7-.8

Question 45

pulmonary compliance equation

Answer 45

Question 46

PTP is equal to

Answer 46

PA- PPL

Question 47

decreased volume corresponds with [...] PTP

Answer 47

decreased

Question 48

increased volume corresponds with [...] PTP

Answer 48

increased

Question 49

at rest, PTP is equal and opposite to

Answer 49

PPL

Question 50

compliance is [...] at high volumes

Answer 50

low

Question 51

compliance is [...] at low lung volume

Answer 51

high

Question 52

increased compliance: inspiration is [...] expiration is [...]

Answer 52

easy hard

Question 53

decreased compliance: inspiration is [...] expiration is [...]

Answer 53

hard easy

Question 54

resistance is highest in

Answer 54

extrapulmonary airways | nose

Question 55

smallest airways have the least amount of resistance because they have a high

Answer 55

cross sectional area

Question 56

at FRC when there is **no airflow** PPL= PALV= PTP=

Answer 56

PPL= -5 PALV= 0 PTP= +5

Question 57

during inspiration, PALV

Answer 57

decreases to -1

Question 58

in order for the lungs to be inflated, PTP has to be

Answer 58

positive

Question 59

the amount of air that remains in the lungs following normal expiration and prevents collapse

Answer 59

FRC

Question 60

if a lower PPL is needed to maintain the same lung volume, this represents a [...] in compliance

Answer 60

decrease

Question 61

strong indicator of airway resistance

Answer 61

FEV1/FVC

Question 62

normal resistance in healthy individuals

Answer 62

0.7-0.8

Question 63

decreased FEV1/FVC increased RV | indicates

Answer 63

severe airway resistance