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CP Test 3 > B4-034 Development of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

B4-034 Development of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

oral and nasal regurgitation

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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2
Q

tests for evaluation of tracheoesophageal fistula

4

A
  • NG tube
  • CR
  • KUB
  • bronchoscopy
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3
Q

due to failure of developmental separation of esophagus and trachea

A

tracheoesophageal fistula

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4
Q

infants with tracheoesophageal fistula are at an increased risk of

A
  • vertebral anomalies
  • anal atresia
  • cardiac, renal and limb anomalies

[VACTERL anomalies]

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5
Q

the most common type of tracheoesophageal fistula occurs with

A

proximal atresia with distal fistula

[Type C]

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6
Q

which type of trachoesophageal fistula is the only one that would result in the NG tube ending in the stomach

A

H type

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7
Q

what condition may be seen during pregnancy as a result of tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

polyhydramnios

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8
Q

VACTERL

A

V- vertebral anomalies
A-anal atresia
C- CV anomalies
T-tracheoesophageal fistula
E-esophageal atresia
R-renal anomalies
L- limb defects

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9
Q

VACTERL is diagnosed as a

A

non random association of three or more affected organs

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10
Q
  • broncial variation arising from the tracha directed toward upper lung lobe
  • near carina
A

tracheal bronchus

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11
Q
  • scaphoid abdomen
  • barrel shaped chest
  • respiratory distress
  • diminished left lung sounds, cardiac shift
A

congential diaphagmatic hernia

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12
Q

pleuriperitoneal membrane does not close off pleuroperitoneal canal

A

congential diaphragmatic hernia

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13
Q

results in:
* pulmonary hypoplasia
* fewer branches of respiratory tree
* increased muscularization of pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary hypertension

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

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14
Q

absence of surfactant

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

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15
Q

diffuse ground glass apperance with air bronchograms

A

infantile respiratory distress syndrome

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16
Q

ground glass appearance of plain film imaging is due to

A

atelectasis

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17
Q

infants born to diabetic mothers can have an increased risk of

A

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

high insulin inhibits corticosteroids that lead to surfactant production

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18
Q

treatment for neonatal RDS

A
  • administer surfactant
  • CPAP
  • dx patent ductus arteriosus
  • fluconanzole (candida)
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19
Q

preventative steps for neonatal RDS

A
  • antenatal corticosteroids
  • intratracheal surfactant replacement therapy right after birth
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20
Q

severe neonatal respiratory distress is caused by a […] membrane

A

hyaline

made of debris

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21
Q

less urine out= less fluid

A

oligohydramnios

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22
Q

less swallowing = more fluid

A

polyhydramnios

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23
Q

second most common cause for oligohydramnios

A

kidney anomalies

associated with lung hypoplasia (potter sequence)

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24
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia develops secondarily to

3

A

CDH
oligohydramnios
renal agenesis

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25
Q

first most common cause of oligohydramnios

A

amniotic fluid leaking

restricts “infant breathing”

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26
Q

polyhydramnios can be secondary to

A

TEF

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27
Q

collapsed bronchi occur because of weakened or absent cartilage in bronchi

A

congenital lobar emphysema

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28
Q

initial establishment of blood-air barrier occurs during

A

terminal sac period

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29
Q

differentiation of capillary endothelium and type I pneumocytes occurs during

A

terminal sac stage

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30
Q

increase in number of alveoli occurs during the

A

alveolar period

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31
Q
  • branching of terminal bronchioles into respiratory bronchioles
  • branching of respiratory bronchcioles into alveolar ducts

occurs during

A

canalicular phase

32
Q
  • overlaps with pseudogladular stage
  • 5th-10th weeks of pregnancy
A

embryonic stage

33
Q

characterized by exocrine glandular appearance with diffuse capillary network

A

pseudoglandular stage

34
Q

hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia can disrupt

A

surfactant synthesis

RDS

35
Q

maternal diabetes and C section are risk factors for

A

infant RDS

36
Q

GI contents pushed into thoracic cavity resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension

A

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

37
Q

bronchial cartilage does not differentiate normally from splanchnic mesoderm

A

congenital emphysema

38
Q

results in mucus secretions from the mouth and nose after feeding

A

TEF

39
Q
  • induces bud formation
  • primary inducer of branching process
A

FGF10

40
Q

expressed mostly in epithelium and increased at branch tips

A

BMP4

41
Q
  • signaling to mesenchyme modulates FGF signaling
  • determines sites of lung bud formation
A

SHH

42
Q
  • FGF10 antagonist
  • limits branching at tips
A

sprouty

43
Q

inhibits branching

A

TGF beta

44
Q

in CDH, heart sounds are usually increased on the […] side

A

right

shifts right

45
Q

infants with CDH get worse with which resuscitation measure?

A

BMV

bag mask ventilation

46
Q

hyaline cartilage is derived from the

A

splanchic mesoderm

47
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia is commonly associated with

A

oligohydramnios

48
Q

as inspiration occurs, a deficiency of bronchial cartilage inhibits normal expiration

A

congenital emphysema

49
Q

occurs in TEF, duodenal atresia, and esophageal atresia

A

polyhydramnios

50
Q

why are newborn lungs denser than adult on CXR?

A

fewer mature alveoli

51
Q

fluid-filled, blind-ending pouch lined by respiratory epithelium

A

bronchogenic cyst

52
Q

what stage is associated with the formation of the respiratory diverticulum

A

embryonic

53
Q

what stage is associated with the formation of the terminal bronchioles

A

pseudoglandular

54
Q

what stage is associated with the formation of the respiratory bronchioles

A

canalicular

55
Q

what stage is associated with the formation of the terminal sacs

A

saccular

56
Q

what stage is associated with the maturation of the alveoli

A

alveolar

57
Q

what stage

epithelium becomes squamous and there is intimate association with the capillaries allowing gas exchanges

A

alveolar stage

58
Q

formation of the germ layers occurs during

A

gastrulation

59
Q

differentiates into the GI tract, lungs, pharynx and GU system

A

endoderm

60
Q

formation of the epidermis, hair, nails, and external sense organs

A

ectoderm

61
Q

develops into connective tissues: cartilage, bone muscle and blood vessels

A

mesoderm

62
Q

separates the layers of the lateral plate mesoderm

A

intraembryonic coelom

63
Q

forms lateral and cardiogenic mesoderm

A

intraembryonic coelom

64
Q

lateral plate mesoderm is divided into

2

A
  1. splanchnic
  2. somatic

via intraembryonic coelom

65
Q

forms blastocyst

A

blastocele

66
Q

contains the fluid in which the embryo floats

A

chorionic cavity

67
Q

differentiation of the splanchic mesoderm results in

3

A
  • bronchial smooth muscle
  • hyaline cartilage
  • connective tissue
68
Q

forms the diaphragm

A

septum transversum

69
Q

development of […] is the first sign of respiratory development

A

respiratory diverticulum

70
Q

critical in driving branching processes in the lung

A

FGF10

71
Q

promotes proliferation and differentiation of the mesoderm

A

SHH

72
Q

inhibits branching by inhibiting FGF

A

sprouty

73
Q

the inducer for determining the derivatives of endoderm is found in the

A

mesenchyme

74
Q

caused by failure in differentiation of the pleuroperitoneal membranes

A

CDH

75
Q

abnormal positioning of the tracheoesophageal septum may lead to

A

TEF

76
Q

respiratory distress caused by failure of differentiation of cartilage

A

congential emphysema

CP Test 3 (17 decks)

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