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GCSE:Biology-AQA book - END > B4 Blood, Heart, Breathing and Plant Transport > Flashcards

B4 Blood, Heart, Breathing and Plant Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood plasma

A

a pale yellow liquid, which transports dissolved substances around the body

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2
Q

How is oxygen carried around the body

A

Oxygen binds to haemoglobin (on red blood cells) forming oxyhaemoglobin which is carried to all cells for respiration.

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3
Q

What are the functions of white blood cells

A

to fight disease. There are two types of white blood cells:

i) Phagocytes – engulf pathogens and digest them

ii) Lymphocytes – produce antibodies which attach
the pathogen and destroy it.

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4
Q

What is meant by humans having a ‘double circulatory system’

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body.

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5
Q

What are the adaptations of an artery

A

Thick outer wall

Small Lumen

Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre

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6
Q

What are the adaptations of a vein

A

Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres

Large lumen

Fairly thin outer wall

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7
Q

What are the adaptations of a capillary

A

Very small lumen

Wall made of a single layer of cell

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8
Q

What is the function of an artery

A

transport (usually) oxygenated blood under high pressure away from the heart

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9
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery

A

transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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10
Q

What is the function of vain

A

transport (usually) deoxygenated blood to the heart

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11
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein

A

transport oxygenated blood into the left atrium

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12
Q

What are the functions of capillaries

A

allow fast exchange/diffusion of substances

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13
Q

What’s the acronym to remember which side of the heart is oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

LORD

L-Left
O-oxygenated
R-right
D-deoxygenated

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14
Q

What are the coronary arteries

A

these are the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and glucose for respiration.

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15
Q

What happens when you get coronary heart disease

A

layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the heart muscle.

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16
Q

What is a pacemaker

A

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a
pacemaker

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17
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker

A

Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

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18
Q

What drugs are used to treat cardiovascular disease

A

statins

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19
Q

What mechanical devices are used to treat cardiovascular diseases

A

stents, artificial valves, artificial pacemakers

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20
Q

What are statins

A

drugs taken to reduce blood cholesterol levels, which slows down the rate of fatty deposit build up in the coronary arteries.

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21
Q

What are stents

A

wire mesh (‘balloon’) which is inserted into a (blocked) artery to widen the artery and allow more blood to flow.

22
Q

What are valves

A

valves in the heart prevent backflow of blood

23
Q

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart

A

(RHS) Vena cava ➡️ right atrium ➡️ right ventricle ➡️ pulmonary artery (pumps blood to the lungs) ➡️(LHS) Pulmonary vein ➡️ left atrium ➡️ left ventricle ➡️ aorta (pumps blood all around the body).

24
Q

What happens if the valve becomes faulty

A

could prevent the valve from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a leak.

25
Q

How can a faulty heart valve’s be fixed

A

replaced using biological or mechanical valves.

26
Q

What are the advantages of a stent

A 
Minor operation (doesn’t need general 
anaesthetic)
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of the stent

A

Risk of infection

28
Q

What are the advantages of Statins

A

Do not require surgery

Reduces the risk of arteries narrowing

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of

A

May increase risk of developing type 2

diabetes

30
Q

What are the advantages of artificial valves

A

High success rate

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial valves

A

Risk of infection

Need to take blood thinners

32
Q

What are the advantages of getting a transplant

A

Can treat several heart conditions

Increase life expectancy

33
Q

What is the disadvantages of getting a transplant

A

Risk of rejection

3 year waiting list for compatible donor

34
Q

What are the advantages of getting an artificial pacemaker

A

Long lasting devices

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of getting an artificial pacemaker

A

Doesn’t treat heart disease Patient needs to avoid magnetic and electromagnetic fields of energy.

36
Q

What are the 3 adaptations of alveoli in the lungs for efficient gas exchange (structure and feature)

A

Structure: alveoli have a very large surface area
Function: this provides maximum diffusion of gases

Structure: each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries near the surface
Function: to maintain a steep concentration gradient, this means a faster rate of diffusion.

Structure: the alveoli have thin moist walls
Function: this provides a short (& quicker) diffusion pathway for gases

37
Q

What is transpiration

A

is the loss of water vapour (by evaporation) from the surface of the leaf.

38
Q

What is translocation

A

the movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves (where they are made) to the rest of the plant.

39
Q

What are stomata

A

They are tiny pores on the surfaces of leaves, which can open or close

40
Q

What are guard cells

A

surround the stomata and control the opening and closing of the stomata

41
Q

How does the stomata Control gas exchange

A

Guard cells open and close the stomata and in this way control the levels of carbon dioxide that
enter the leaf and the oxygen & water vapour that leave the leaf by diffusion.

42
Q

How does the stomata control water loss

A

In low light the guard cells lose water and become flaccid, causing the stomata to close. They would
normally only close in the dark when no carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.

43
Q

How do mineral ions enter the plant?

A

Mineral ions are dissolved in water in low concentrations. Therefore the mineral ions (e.g.
magnesium, potassium etc) enter the plant via the root hair cells by active transport.

44
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Light intensity
temperature
Air movement
humidity

45
Q

What is the description of light intensity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Transpiration increases in bright light

46
Q

What is the description of temperature affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Transpiration is faster in high temperature because the molecules have more energy

47
Q

What is the description of air movement affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Transpiration is faster in windy conditions

48
Q

What is the description of humidity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Transpiration is slower in humid conditions

49
Q

What is the explanation of light intensity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

This don’t matter open wider to allow more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis. More water is therefore able to evaporate

50
Q

What is the explanation of temperature affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Evaporation and diffusion are faster at higher temperatures as enzymes can catalyse more reactions

51
Q

What is the explanation of air movement affecting the rate of transpiration

A

Water vapour is removed quickly by air movement, speeding up diffusion of more water vapour out of the leaf

52
Q

What is the explanation of humidity affecting the rate of transpiration

A

The less humid air the less water in it. Water molecules move out of the leave from a high concentration to low concentration

GCSE:Biology-AQA book - END (17 decks)

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