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Y12 US REVISION > B4. Ike and civil rights > Flashcards

B4. Ike and civil rights Flashcards

the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement; the policies and attitudes of the main political parties; the responses of the state and federal authorities (99 cards)

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1
Q

What was the name of the father who sparked the Brown decision?

A

Oliver Brown

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2
Q

What city and state did Oliver Brown live in, and where his daughter was denied access to a local school?

A

Topeka, Kansas

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3
Q

What group supported Oliver Brown in his appeal to the Supreme Court?

A

The NAACP

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4
Q

Why did the NAACP have high hopes for success in the Brown case?

A

Kansas wasn’t a southern state

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5
Q

Who was the lawyer that represented Brown in the Supreme Court?

A

Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP

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6
Q

What new argument did Thurgood Marshall make to the Supreme Court?

A

That segregation harmed the psychological well-being of children and created feelings of inferiority and superiority

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7
Q

Who was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court during the Brown case?

A

Earl Warren

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8
Q

How many justices agreed with the Brown decision?

A

All of them — it was unanimous

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9
Q

What earlier Supreme Court decision did Brown overturn?

A

The 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision

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10
Q

What did the Brown decision fail to provide?

A

A deadline for desegregation and guidance on de facto segregation

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11
Q

What year was Brown II decided?

A

1955

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12
Q

What phrase did the Supreme Court use in Brown II instead of a deadline?

A

With all deliberate speed

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13
Q

What areas of the South desegregated most quickly?

A

Urban and peripheral areas

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14
Q

What is the term for interracial couples having children together?

A

Miscegenation

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15
Q

What year was the Brown v. Board of Education decision made?

A

1954

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16
Q

What year was the Plessy v. Ferguson decision?

A

1896

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17
Q

What year was the first Brown decision?

A

1954

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18
Q

What city and state was Oliver Brown from?

A

Topeka, Kansas

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19
Q

Brown had to send his daughter Linda to a Black school how many blocks away?

A

Several blocks away

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20
Q

Brown’s daughter Linda was how many blocks from the white school?

A

Only a few blocks

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21
Q

What was the aim of the 1955 Brown II ruling?

A

Get a deadline for school integration

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22
Q

What year was Brown II?

A

1955

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23
Q

Who was the Chief Justice who agreed with the NAACP’s psychological argument?

A

Chief Justice Earl Warren

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24
Q

How many people in the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the NAACP?

A

Unanimous

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25
What 1896 ruling did the Brown decision effectively overturn?
Plessy v. Ferguson
26
What was the quote that the Supreme Court gave regarding the speed of Brown II implementation?
“With all deliberate speed”
27
What areas of the South integrated schools quickly?
Peripheral and urban areas
28
Give two examples of backlash to the Brown decision.
Formation of White Citizens’ Councils; Revitalization of the KKK and the Southern Manifesto (1956)
29
What year did Emmett Till die?
1955
30
How old was Emmett Till?
14 years old
31
What action did Till allegedly do?
Wolf-whistled at a white woman
32
Who mutilated Emmett and threw him in the Tallahatchie River?
The white woman’s husband and half-brother
33
What type of funeral casket did Emmett’s mother insist on?
Open-topped
34
What effect did the picture of Emmett Till’s body have?
It was seen worldwide
35
How long was the trial for the murderers of Emmett Till?
67 minutes
36
Were the murderers found guilty?
No
37
What was the name of the woman who was allowed into the University of Alabama due to an NAACP win?
Autherine Lucy
38
What was the name of the case that allowed Lucy into the University of Alabama?
Lucy v. Adams
39
What year did the University of Alabama have to admit Lucy?
1955
40
What year did the University expel Lucy?
1956
41
Did Lucy remain expelled?
Yes
42
From what date to what date did the Montgomery Bus Boycott last?
December 1955 to December 1956
43
What city and state did the Montgomery Bus Boycott happen?
Montgomery, Alabama
44
What were the causes of Rosa Parks getting arrested and fined?
Montgomery buses were segregated; Black passengers faced racial abuse and had to sit at the back. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat so a white passenger wouldn’t have to sit opposite her.
45
What two groups helped organize the bus boycott?
The NAACP and Alabama State College
46
How did Alabama State College help?
They created propaganda leaflets.
47
How did the NAACP help?
They worked with local church leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., to create a space for the community to meet and plan.
48
What day did the boycott coincide with?
Parks’s trial
49
How long did the boycott last?
381 days
50
How many Black citizens boycotted the Montgomery buses?
50000
51
How much income did the bus company lose due to the boycott?
0.8
52
When did the boycott end?
After a favorable Supreme Court decision
53
How did white citizens react to the boycott?
They attacked people involved in the movement.
54
What year and date were Little Rock schools integrated?
3-Sep-57
55
What was the name of the governor of Arkansas?
Orval Faubus
56
Why did Orval Faubus turn to racism and anti-integration?
He was struggling to get reelected.
57
How many Black students were originally supposed to enter Little Rock Central High School together?
75
58
How many students ended up entering together?
9
59
Why did many students and families change their minds?
The local community made it clear they were very hostile to integration.
60
What did Orval Faubus say would happen if the Little Rock Nine entered the school?
“Blood would run”
61
What was the name of the girl who walked alone among white mobs due to a miscommunication?
Elizabeth Eckford
62
Why did Elizabeth Eckford not meet at the same place as the others?
She did not have a phone at home.
63
What organization did the governor order to keep Black students out “for their protection”?
The National Guard
64
What year and month did the Greensboro sit-ins begin?
Feb-60
65
In what state did the Greensboro sit-ins happen?
North Carolina
66
How many Black college students initially refused to leave Woolworth’s lunch counter?
Four
67
Who were the students inspired by?
Martin Luther King Jr.
68
Why did they choose Woolworth’s?
It was a national chain, and they were frustrated by the hypocrisy of being allowed to shop but not eat in a desegregated way.
69
How did Woolworth’s respond to the sit-in?
Police were called. No arrests were made initially. The cafeteria had to close.
70
How many students joined sit-ins at public facilities due to the Greensboro sit-ins?
70000
71
What laws did the Greensboro sit-ins help erode?
Jim Crow laws
72
By what year did Woolworth’s have to desegregate?
End of 1961
73
What group was established in 1961 to focus on direct civil rights action?
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
74
What was Martin Luther King Jr.’s civil rights organization?
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
75
Who appointed Chief Justice Earl Warren and why?
Eisenhower, as a thank-you for his help during the election
76
What was Eisenhower’s opinion of the Brown decision?
He was unhappy with it
77
What did Eisenhower say publicly about Brown v. Board?
Nothing — he refused to endorse it
78
Did the Brown decision align with Eisenhower's political approach?
No — he believed in states' rights and preferred a cautious attitude
79
Why was Eisenhower less likely to empathize with the goals of desegregation?
He was born in Texas and raised in Kansas — more likely to empathize with white Southerners
80
Who notably refused to sign the Southern Manifesto?
Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
81
What did Eisenhower say about the Brown decision?
Nothing
82
What attitude did Eisenhower have toward integration?
They say fair
83
What did Eisenhower call his decision to appoint the new Chief Justice?
“The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made”
84
How did Eisenhower respond to the boycott?
He refused to give federal aid and largely ignored it. It only partially influenced his 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights Acts, which achieved very little.
85
What was Eisenhower’s initial attempt to stop the Arkansas governor from being anti-integration?
He called him to Washington.
86
Did this work?
No, Governor Faubus defied Eisenhower again upon return.
87
Did Eisenhower comment on the Greensboro sit-ins?
No, although in March 1960 he expressed concern and said he was “deeply sympathetic” to civil rights activists.
88
What councils were formed in the South in response to the Brown decision?
White Citizens' Councils
89
What extremist group was revitalized as a result of the Brown decision?
The Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
90
What document did Southern politicians sign to resist the Brown decision?
The Southern Manifesto
91
What year was the Southern Manifesto published?
1956
92
What did the Southern Manifesto argue about the 14th Amendment?
It claimed the 14th Amendment had nothing to do with education and that segregated schooling existed when it was passed
93
What did the Southern Manifesto claim about the Supreme Court's actions?
That the justices had imposed personal opinions and acted unconstitutionally, worsening civil rights and harming education
94
What weak suggestion did the Southern Manifesto make to angry white citizens?
To use legal means — not break the law — to oppose integration
95
What did Eisenhower’s lack of comment cause?
Encouraged resistance to the decision
96
How did Eisenhower respond to Emmett Till's murder?
He didn’t respond
97
How did Eisenhower respond to Autherine Lucy's expulsion?
Made no comments or intervention
98
How did Eisenhower respond to the governor ignoring his commands?
He placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control to escort the Black students into school.
99
How was Little Rock in terms of Eisenhower and the U.S. image?
It was an international embarrassment.

Y12 US REVISION (12 decks)

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