B4- Natural Selection and Genetic Modification

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

The gradual change in a species over time

Question 2

Who came up with the theory of natural selection to explain how evolution occurs?

Answer 2

Charles Darwin

Question 3

What can individuals of the same species do, which individuals of different species cannot?

Answer 3

Reproduce viable offspring

Question 4

What can be used to study human evolution over time?

Answer 4

Fossils

Question 5

Why can’t fossils show smooth changes over time?

Answer 5

As not all fossils have been discovered yet.

Question 6

Nickname for “Homo habilis”

Answer 6

Leaky 1

Question 7

Nickname for “Ardipithecus remidus”

Answer 7

Ardi

Question 8

Nickname for “Homo erectus”

Answer 8

Leaky 2

Question 9

Nickname for “Australopithecus afarensis”

Answer 9

Lucy

Question 10

How old is Lucy?

Answer 10

3.2 million years old

Question 11

How old is Leaky 2?

Answer 11

1.6 million years old

Question 12

How old is Ardi?

Answer 12

4.4 million years old

Question 13

How old is Leaky 1?

Answer 13

2.4 - 1.4 million years old

Question 14

Out of Ardi, Lucy and Leaky 2, which was the shortest?

Answer 14

Lucy

Question 15

Do all of the four hominids walk upright?

Answer 15

Yes, although Lucy’s toes were more curved than the rest.

Question 16

What else is evidence for human evolution?

Answer 16

Stone tools

Question 17

When was the earliest evidence for stone tools being used by human-like animals found?

Answer 17

3.3 million years ago.

Question 18

How can scientists age stone tools when they are found underground?

Answer 18

They can assume that the rock around the tool is the same age and then age the rock to find a rough estimate.

Question 19

Are rocks closer to the surface of the Earth older or younger?

Answer 19

Younger

Question 20

What are the 4 stages that lead to evolution?

Answer 20

Genetic Variation
Competition
Natural Selection
Inheritance

Question 21

What is Genetic Variation?

Answer 21

When individuals in a population vary in their characteristics due to differences in their genes

Question 22

What is the definition of Competition in biology?

Answer 22

When individuals compete for resources. Some individuals will be better adapted so will get more of the resources.

Question 23

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 23

When individuals with better adapted variations are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Question 24

What is Inheritance?

Answer 24

When the next generation of a species contain the better adapted genes in their genome.

Question 25

What was the name of Charles Darwin's book?

Answer 25

The Origin of the Species.

Question 26

What was the name of Charles Darwin's boat?

Answer 26

The Beagle.

Question 27

Where did Charles Darwin stop to discover his theory of evolution?

Answer 27

The Golapogus Islands.

Question 28

What did Charles Darwin find when he investigated the Golapogus Islands?

Answer 28

That finches on different islands had developed different beaks to be better adapted to capture and eat their primary food source.

Question 29

Who was the other scientist that worked on similar theories to Darwin?

Answer 29

Alfred Russel Wallace.

Question 30

Where did Alfred Russel Wallace travel to?

Answer 30

Indonesia.

Question 31

What did Wallace discover when he studied Indonesian species?

Answer 31

He found there was a large difference in species between two sides of an invisible line running through Indonesia. Marsupials on the Oceania side and Mammals on the Asian.

Question 32

Who were both Darwin and Wallace inspired by?

Answer 32

Thomas Malthus.

Question 33

What is the name of a limb with 5 fingers?

Answer 33

A pentadactyl limb.

Question 34

According to Darwin, what does the pentadactyl limb demonstrate?

Answer 34

That evolution links back to a common ancestor.

Question 35

What did Darwin's findings challenge?

Answer 35

Religion

Question 36

What does the study on different coloured moths tell us about adaptation?

Answer 36

That if a prey is camouflaged into its surroundings, it is more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on its gene for its colour.

Question 37

What causes Inherited Variation?

Answer 37

Sexual Reproduction.

Question 38

What trait have some bacteria inherited which is causing an issue for humans?

Answer 38

An antibiotic resistance.

Question 39

What do bacteria with higher antibiotic resistance have a higher chance of?

Answer 39

Survival.

Question 40

What will happen if the amount of antibiotic is kept at a constant?

Answer 40

All bacteria will eventually have a resistance to antibiotics.

Question 41

What can scientists use to classify organisms?

Answer 41

Physical characteristics.

Question 42

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 42

``` Prokaryotes Fungi Plants Animals Protoctists ```

Question 43

Which kingdom does seaweed belong to?

Answer 43

Protoctists.

Question 44

Which kingdom doesn't have a nucleus?

Answer 44

Prokaryotes

Question 45

Which kingdom has a cell wall made of chitin?

Answer 45

Fungi

Question 46

Which kingdom doesn't have a cell wall?

Answer 46

Animals

Question 47

Which kingdoms cell wall is made up of cellulose?

Answer 47

Plants

Question 48

What can animals be split into?

Answer 48

Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Question 49

What can vertebrates be split into?

Answer 49

Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals. (FARBM)

Question 50

Give two details about binomial names.

Answer 50

They are in Latin. They are either in italics or underlined. The genus is the first word. The species is the second word.

Question 51

What are the 3 domains of Life?

Answer 51

Archaea Eukarya Bacteria

Question 52

Which domain has a nucleus?

Answer 52

Eukarya.

Question 53

Which domain has no unused sections of DNA?

Answer 53

Bacteria.

Question 54

Which domain has no nucleus and some unused sections of DNA?

Answer 54

Archaea.

Question 55

What is Artificial (Selective) Breeding?

Answer 55

When humans choose certain organisms because they have useful characteristics, such as sheep with thick wool.

Question 56

What is the name for an animal species with different types within it?

Answer 56

Breeds.

Question 57

What is the term for plants of a species with different types within the species?

Answer 57

Varieties.

Question 58

How do you create a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

Answer 58

By adding an unrelated gene to another organism.

Question 59

What is Genetic Engineering?

Answer 59

When you change the genome of an organism by inserting genes from another.

Question 60

What is Tissue Culture?

Answer 60

The growing of cells or tissues in a liquid containing nutrients or on a solid medium (such as nutrient agar).

Question 61

What is a callus?

Answer 61

A hard formation of tissue.

Question 62

What does "Sterilised" mean and why must everything used in tissue culture be sterile?

Answer 62

Sterilised means that all microorganisms have been killed. | Everything must be sterile because if not, the microorganisms will grow quickly and destroy the cells.

Question 63

Why would tissue culture be used?

Answer 63

To produce new plants of rare species at threat of extinction. To grow plants that are difficult to grow from seeds. To produce genetically identical plants.

Question 64

What is added during tissue culture which means that plants develop roots and shoots?

Answer 64

Hormones.

Question 65

Give an example of how tissue culture can be used in medicine.

Answer 65

Studying viruses which cannot replicate outside of cells. Studying cancers. Studying how cells communicate.

Question 66

Name two risks of selective breeding.

Answer 66

- Some alleles become rare or disappear due to only certain alleles being selectively bred. - Products of selective breeding are all very similar so if there is a change in conditions a lot of the organisms will be affected. - Breeding close relatives can create genetic deformities. - Breeding animals may not always be best for the animal.

Question 67

What is Insulin?

Answer 67

A hormone produces by the pancreas to control blood glucose levels.

Question 68

What does Type 1 Diabetes do to the body?

Answer 68

The pancreas cannot make insulin.

Question 69

What is the name of the enzyme that removes genes from DNA?

Answer 69

Restriction enzymes.

Question 70

What does cutting strands of DNA leave you with.

Answer 70

Sticky ends. (Jagged ends of DNA).

Question 71

What is an advantage of producing insulin through bacteria instead of through animals?

Answer 71

- Producing insulin through genetically modified bacteria is a lot cheaper than through animals. - It is also more ethical to farm insulin through genetically modified bacteria rather than animals.

Question 72

What is a crop?

Answer 72

Something that is grown to produce a useful product.

Question 73

What is Biological Control?

Answer 73

When organisms are used to control pests.

Question 74

What is the main risk when using biological control?

Answer 74

Their is a risk that the control agent can become a pest itself. (Example of cane toads in Australia).

Question 75

What are the three main products in fertilisers?

Answer 75

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium.

Question 76

Why do people use fertilisers?

Answer 76

As they increase yield in a crop and that out ways the price they cost.