B5

Question 1

What is health?

Answer 1

The state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 2

Name 3 lifestyle factors that have a positive effect on health

Answer 2

Regular exercise, 8 hours of sleep each night and access to medical care

Question 3

What is disease?

Answer 3

A group of conditions which can cause ill health

Question 4

Name 5 lifestyle factors that have a negative effect on health

Answer 4

Irregular exercise, insufficient sleep, lack of access to medical car, smoking and stress

Question 5

What is a communicable disease?

Answer 5

A disease that can be spread from person to person

Question 6

Give an example of a communicable and non communicable disease

Answer 6

Common cold (communicable) and cancer (non-communicable) - accept other valid answers

Question 7

What is the role of the immune system?

Answer 7

To detect and destroy pathogens

Question 8

If your immune system is weakened what type of disease do you become more susceptible to?

Answer 8

Communicable diseases

Question 9

What is another name for communicable diseases?

Answer 9

Infectious diseases

Question 10

Give 3 examples of mental illness

Answer 10

Anxiety, depression and schizophrenia

Question 11

What are the 4 disease causing microorganisms?

Answer 11

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses and Protists

Question 12

What is another name for protists?

Answer 12

Protocists

Question 13

What is wrong with calling viruses microorganisms?

Answer 13

They are not technically alive so are not organisms but they are called microorganisms anyway

Question 14

What is a pathogen?

Answer 14

A microorganism that can cause disease

Question 15

Do pathogens cause communicable or non communicable diseases and why?

Answer 15

Communicable diseases because the pathogens themselves spread from person to person

Question 16

Can pathogens affect both animals and plants?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What are the 4 main ways pathogens can spread?

Answer 17

Through the air, contaminated water, contaminated food and direct contact

Question 18

How do diseases spread through the air?

Answer 18

Diseases such as influenza and measles can spread via tiny droplets of saliva that we expel when we cough or
sneeze

Question 19

How do disease spread through contaminated water?

Answer 19

Diseases such as cholera can spread through water sources contaminated by the diarrhoea of infected people

Question 20

How do diseases spread through contaminated food?

Answer 20

Diseases such as salmonella are spread by eating food which has been infected with salmonella, and then not cooked properly

Question 21

How do diseases spread through direct contact?

Answer 21

Athlete’s foot is spread by walking barefoot on surfaces contaminated with the fungi

Question 22

Give 4 ways we can reduce the spread of infectious diseases

Answer 22

Isolating/quarantining the infected, vaccination, killing the vectors that carry the pathogens and improved hygiene

Question 23

What is the pathogen, transmission, symptoms, treatments and preventions for Ebola?

Answer 23

Pathogen - Ebola Virus
Transmission - Direct contact with bodily fluids of an infected person or through contaminated surfaces
Symptoms - Fever, bleeding, severe headache and muscle pain
Treatments - Supportive car, including rehydration
Prevention - Strict infection control measures, with isolation of patients and sterilisation of all contaminated surfaces and public health education

Question 24

What are the two different lifecycles of a virus?

Answer 24

The lytic and lysogenic pathway

Question 25

What are the steps of the lytic pathway?

Answer 25

1 - Virus attaches to the host cell 2 - Virus injects genetic material into host cell 3 - The cell machinery of the host cell produces viral components 4 - New viruses are assembled from the replicated components 5 - The host cell burst, releasing new viruses which go on to infect other cells and repeat the cycle

Question 26

What are the steps of the lysogenic pathway?

Answer 26

1 - Virus attaches to a host cell 2 - Virus injects genetic material into host cell 3 - Viral DNA incorporates into the cell's genome. Virus remains dormant and doesn't cause immediate harm 4 - The host cell divides, replicating the viral DNA into each daughter cell 5 - Environmental triggers cause a switch to the lytic pathway and the Viral DNA exits the host's genome 6 - The lytic pathway starts from step 3 with the cell machinery producing viral components

Question 27

Are viruses made from cells?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

How much smaller are viruses than animal/plant cells?

Answer 28

They are 10,000x smaller

Question 29

How do viruses spread and multiply?

Answer 29

They pass between humans via the air, contaminated food or water or by direct contact. They enter one of our cells to create multiple copies of itself. Once there are lots of copies the virus causes the cell to burst and goes on to infect other cells

Question 30

Why do viruses have to enter our cells?

Answer 30

They cannot produce themselves so use our cells to help them

Question 31

How can measles spread between people?

Answer 31

Through droplets in the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Question 32

What are 2 symptoms of measles?

Answer 32

Fever and a red skin rash

Question 33

In the UK are most people vaccinated against measles?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What does HIV stand for?

Answer 34

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 35

Name 2 ways HIV can spread between people

Answer 35

Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

Question 36

What can HIV lead to?

Answer 36

AIDS

Question 37

What are the results of AIDS?

Answer 37

The immune system becomes so weak that the person can catch unusual infections

Question 38

What is the treatment for HIV/AIDS?

Answer 38

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 39

What does TMV stand for?

Answer 39

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Question 40

What does TMV affect?

Answer 40

Plants - mainly tobacco and tomato plants

Question 41

What is the main symptom of TMV?

Answer 41

Patches of the leaves become discoloured

Question 42

What effect does TMV have on photosynthesis and what are the consequences of this?

Answer 42

It reduces the amount of photosynthesis a plant can do, resulting in the plant not being able to grow as well and not being able to produce as many sugars

Question 43

What do STD and STI stand for?

Answer 43

STD - Sexually Transmitted Disease STI - Sexually Transmitted Infection

Question 44

What is the pathogen, transmission, symptoms, treatments and preventions for Cholera?

Answer 44

Pathogen - Vibrio cholerae bacterium Transmission - Through contaminated water or food Symptoms - Severe diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration Treatments - Supportive care, rehydration, and antibiotics in severe cases Preventions - Access to a clean water supply, proper sanitation, and vaccination

Question 45

What is the pathogen, transmission, symptoms, treatments and preventions for Stomach Ulcers?

Answer 45

Pathogen - Helicobacter pylori bacterium Transmission - Oral transmission, through contaminated food or water Symptoms - Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating Treatments - Antibiotics, medications to reduce stomach acid Preventions - Good hygiene practices, avoiding contaminated food and water, and treating infections promptly

Question 46

What is the pathogen, transmission, symptoms, treatments and preventions for Tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer 46

Pathogen - Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium Transmission - Airborne, through droplets released when infected people cough Symptoms - Cough, weight loss, fever, fatigue, lung damage Treatments - Long-term antibiotics Prevention - TB vaccine (BCG), good ventilation and hygiene, and isolation of infected patients

Question 47

Is bacteria unicellular or multicellular?

Answer 47

It is unicellular

Question 48

True or false - All bacteria cause disease

Answer 48

False - Lots of bacteria don't affect organisms at all and many other are actually helpful

Question 49

How much smaller are bacterial cells than animal/plant cells?

Answer 49

100x

Question 50

What are toxins?

Answer 50

Bacteria release small proteins called toxins that can damage our cells and are responsible for many of the symptoms of bacterial diseases

Question 51

What is the treatment for gonorrhea?

Answer 51

Antibiotics such as penicillin