B5

Question 1

What are diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one individual to another called?

Answer 1

Communicable Diseases

Also known as infectious diseases.

Question 2

What are microorganisms that cause diseases?

Answer 2

Pathogens

Includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.

Question 3

What is the state of physical and mental well-being called?

Answer 3

Health

Encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being.

Question 4

Suggest three factors that affect health.

Answer 4

• Diet
• Stress
• Life situations (e.g., Hygiene, pathogens, immune system)

These factors can influence overall health significantly.

Question 5

State the four types of pathogens.

Answer 5

• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protists
• Fungi

Each type has different mechanisms of causing disease.

Question 6

Which microorganisms make you ill by reproducing rapidly and damaging cells and producing toxins?

Answer 6

Bacteria

Bacteria can cause diseases like Salmonella and gonorrhoea.

Question 7

Which microorganisms make you ill by reproducing inside body cells, causing damage?

Answer 7

Viruses

Examples include the influenza virus and HIV.

Question 8

How can pathogens be spread?

Answer 8

• By air/droplet infection
• Direct contact
• Water

Understanding transmission routes is crucial for prevention.

Question 9

Name a viral disease that leads to blindness and brain damage.

Answer 9

Measles

Vaccination can prevent measles.

Question 10

How can measles spread?

Answer 10

Droplet infection

Highly contagious and can spread through coughing and sneezing.

Question 11

Name the pathogen that causes AIDS.

Answer 11

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)

HIV attacks the immune system.

Question 12

How can tobacco mosaic virus be spread?

Answer 12

• Direct contact
• Vectors

Affects plants and reduces their growth.

Question 13

Viral diseases can be cured. True or false?

Answer 13

FALSE

Most viral infections can only be managed, not cured.

Question 14

Where can Salmonella bacteria be found?

Answer 14

• Raw meat
• Chicken
• Eggs

Proper cooking can kill Salmonella.

Question 15

State one symptom of Salmonella poisoning.

Answer 15

• Fever
• Abdominal cramps
• Diarrhoea
• Vomiting

Symptoms usually appear within 6 hours to 6 days after infection.

Question 16

Which pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

Answer 16

Bacteria

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the specific bacterium responsible.

Question 17

How does gonorrhoea spread?

Answer 17

Sexual contact

Safe sex practices can reduce transmission risk.

Question 18

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be stopped?

Answer 18

• Use condoms
• Limit sexual partners

Regular testing and treatment are also important.

Question 19

How can bacterial diseases be treated?

Answer 19

Antibiotics

Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern.

Question 20

Name a fungal disease in humans.

Answer 20

Athlete’s foot

Caused by a type of fungus that thrives in warm, moist environments.

Question 21

Which pathogen causes rose black spot?

Answer 21

Fungi

Affects rose plants and leads to yellowing leaves.

Question 22

State a symptom of rose black spot.

Answer 22

Damages leaves

Results in reduced photosynthesis and plant health.

Question 23

Which pathogen causes malaria?

Answer 23

Protists

Specifically, Plasmodium species are responsible for malaria.

Question 24

How does malaria affect the body?

Answer 24

Damages blood and liver cells

Can lead to severe health complications if untreated.

Question 25

State a symptom of malaria.

Answer 25

* Fevers * Shaking ## Footnote Symptoms usually appear 10-15 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito.

Question 26

What are proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens called?

Answer 26

Antibodies ## Footnote Play a crucial role in the immune response.

Question 27

What are proteins on cell surfaces for cell recognition called?

Answer 27

Antigens ## Footnote Important for immune system recognition of pathogens.

Question 28

Name a viral disease in plants.

Answer 28

Tobacco mosaic virus ## Footnote Causes mottling and discoloration of leaves.

Question 29

How can AIDS be spread?

Answer 29

* Sexual contact * Exchange of bodily fluids (shared needles, blood transfusion) ## Footnote Education on safe practices is essential for prevention.

Question 30

How can AIDS be treated?

Answer 30

Antiretroviral drugs to control (not cure) it ## Footnote These drugs help manage HIV infection.

Question 31

How does tobacco mosaic virus affect the plants?

Answer 31

Destroy chloroplasts, so reduce photosynthesis ## Footnote This can lead to stunted growth and lower yields.

Question 32

State a symptom of gonorrhoea.

Answer 32

* Yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina * Pain on urination ## Footnote Symptoms may vary between individuals.

Question 33

State a long-term effect of gonorrhoea.

Answer 33

* Long-term pelvic pain * Infertility * Ectopic pregnancies ## Footnote Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications.

Question 34

How can the spread of malaria be stopped?

Answer 34

* Use mosquito nets * Use insecticides * Remove standing water * Take antimalarial drugs ## Footnote Integrated vector management is key in malaria control.

Question 35

How does your skin act as a defence against pathogen entry?

Answer 35

* Barrier * Antimicrobial secretions * Microorganism layer ## Footnote Skin is the first line of defence in the immune system.

Question 36

How does the trachea defend the body against pathogens?

Answer 36

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens + Cilia move mucus up the trachea to be removed ## Footnote This mechanism helps keep the respiratory tract clear.

Question 37

How does the stomach defend the body against pathogens?

Answer 37

Hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/food ## Footnote This acidic environment helps prevent infections.

Question 38

State the three ways in which white blood cells defend the body.

Answer 38

* Engulf pathogens * Produce antibodies * Produce antitoxins ## Footnote White blood cells are essential for the immune response.