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Biology > B5 communicable diseases > Flashcards

B5 communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are pathogens?

A

microorganisms that cause disease

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2
Q

name 4 types of pathogens

A

protists
viruses
fungi
bacteria

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3
Q

How do viruses cause disease

A

they take over the cells of your body they live and reproduce inside the cells damaging and destroying them

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3
Q

what is bacteria and how does it cause disease

A

Bacteria is single celled microorganism, they divide rapidly by splitting into two(binary fission)
they produce toxins which make you feel ill

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4
Q

how can pathogens spread

A

air-droplet infection

direct contact—> eg HIV/AIDS
hepatitis
STDs

water—>eg. salmonellosis
cholera

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5
Q

how can the spread of disease be prevented

A

hygiene
isolating infected individuals
destroying vectors
vaccination

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6
Q

what is a vaccine and how does it work

A

introducing a small amount of harmless form of a specific pathogen, so if you come in contact with the live pathogen you will not become ill as your immune system will be prepared

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7
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

fever and red skin rash

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8
Q

how is measles spread

A

by the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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9
Q

What does HIV/AIDS cause

A

mild flue like illness to begin with. HIV attacks the immune system. It remains hidden in the immune system until it becomes so damaged it can no longer deal with the symptoms—>this is now AIDS

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10
Q

How is HIV spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of body fluids
mother to child through breast milk

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11
Q

how to prevent the spread of HIV

A

use of condoms
not sharing needles

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus

A

distinctive mosaic pattern of discoloration on plant leaves
the affected parts of the plant do not photosynthesise

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13
Q

How is TMV spread?

A

by direct contact between diseased plant material and helathy plants

insects can be vectors

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14
Q

how can we prevent the spread of TMV

A

NO CURE
good field hygiene
pest control

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15
Q

Where can salmonella bacteria be found

A

guts of many animals
poultry
eggs/egg products

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16
Q

Why is it a problem for salmonella to enter the body

A

It disturbs the balance of our natural gut bacteria

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17
Q

what are the symptoms of Salmonella

A

develop within 8-72 hours of eating the infected food
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

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18
Q

treatment of salmonella

A

no antibiotics required

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19
Q

How can the spread of salmonella be prevented

A

Vaccinate poultry against salmonella
keep raw chicken away from food that is uncooked
wash surfaces and hands well after handling the poultry
cook chicken thoroughly

20
Q

what is gonorrhoea

A

a sexually transmitted disease

21
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

unprotected sex with an infected person

22
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow/green discharge from the vogi/penis
pain on urination

23
Q

what can untreated gonorrhoea lead to

A

long term pelvic pain
infertility
ectopic pregnancies
babies born from infected mothers may have severe eye infections and even in extreme cases go blind

24
Q

how can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented

A

antibiotics
reducing number of sexual partners
use methods of contraception

25
Q

name a type of bacteria that causes a bacterial disease in plants

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens , it causes crown galls

26
Q

How does this plant bacterium affect plants

A

the bacteria inserts plasmids into the plant cells and cause a mass of undifferentiated genetically modified cells to grow

27
Q

How do scientist use bacteria in plants

A

to genetically modify plants, naturally infecting them to give them new added genes, these carry the desirable characteristics

28
Q

name a fungal disease that affects HUMANS

A

athletes foot-skin fungi

29
Q

how can u treat skin fungal diseases

A

antifungal drugs

30
Q

name a plant disease caused by fungi

A

Rose black spot

31
Q

How does RBS affect plants

A

blue/black spots develop on rose leaves
leaves often turn yellow and drop
->lower surface area of leaves available for photosynthesis

32
Q

How can RBS be prevented

A

removing/burning affected leaves/stems
chemical fungicides
Horticulturists bred type of roses that are relatively resistant to RBS

33
Q

name an example of protist caused disease

A

malaria

34
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

fever
shaking
death

35
Q

how can the spread of malaria be prevented

A

using insecticide impregnated nets-prevents mosquitoes from biting humans and spreading the protists
using insecticides to kill the mosquitoes
preventing vectors from spreading(removing standing water)
antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites if they are bitten

36
Q

what is herd immunity

A

if a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is reduced and the disease may even disappear

37
Q

difference between antibiotics and pain killers

A

pain killers only ease symptoms while antibiotics cure bacterial diseases

38
Q

who discovered penicillin and how

A

Alexander Fleming-from penicillin mould

39
Q

what are new medical drugs tested for

A

efficacy-effectiveness
dosage
toxicity

40
Q

what is done during preclinical testing

A

testing on cell tissues /living animals
tested for efficacy toxicity and dosage

41
Q

what is done during clinical trials

A

tested on healthy volunteers and patients-firstly low doses are given to healthy people in order to check for side effects
if proved safe it is then used on patients to see if it seems to be treating it

42
Q

what happens during double blind trials

A

placebo—>tests the efficacy of he medicine

43
Q

what are carcinogens

A

agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the chances of getting cancer

44
Q

what is a tumour

A

forms when cells grow in an abnormal uncontrolled way

45
Q

what is the difference between malignant and Benign tumours

A

benign:
uncontrollable cell growth in only one area of the body, so they do not invade other parts of the body
malignant:
this uncontrollable cells can spread around the body, invading neighbouring healthy tissues
–>cancer

46
Q

what are some causes of cancer

A

genetics
carcinogens
ionising radiation

47
Q
A

Biology (9 decks)

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