B5 communicable diseases

Question 1

what are pathogens?

Answer 1

microorganisms that cause disease

Question 2

name 4 types of pathogens

Answer 2

protists
viruses
fungi
bacteria

Question 3

How do viruses cause disease

Answer 3

they take over the cells of your body they live and reproduce inside the cells damaging and destroying them

Question 3

what is bacteria and how does it cause disease

Answer 3

Bacteria is single celled microorganism, they divide rapidly by splitting into two(binary fission)
they produce toxins which make you feel ill

Question 4

how can pathogens spread

Answer 4

air-droplet infection

direct contact—> eg HIV/AIDS
hepatitis
STDs

water—>eg. salmonellosis
cholera

Question 5

how can the spread of disease be prevented

Answer 5

hygiene
isolating infected individuals
destroying vectors
vaccination

Question 6

what is a vaccine and how does it work

Answer 6

introducing a small amount of harmless form of a specific pathogen, so if you come in contact with the live pathogen you will not become ill as your immune system will be prepared

Question 7

what are the symptoms of measles

Answer 7

fever and red skin rash

Question 8

how is measles spread

Answer 8

by the inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

Question 9

What does HIV/AIDS cause

Answer 9

mild flue like illness to begin with. HIV attacks the immune system. It remains hidden in the immune system until it becomes so damaged it can no longer deal with the symptoms—>this is now AIDS

Question 10

How is HIV spread

Answer 10

sexual contact
exchange of body fluids
mother to child through breast milk

Question 11

how to prevent the spread of HIV

Answer 11

use of condoms
not sharing needles

Question 12

what are the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 12

distinctive mosaic pattern of discoloration on plant leaves
the affected parts of the plant do not photosynthesise

Question 13

How is TMV spread?

Answer 13

by direct contact between diseased plant material and helathy plants

insects can be vectors

Question 14

how can we prevent the spread of TMV

Answer 14

NO CURE
good field hygiene
pest control

Question 15

Where can salmonella bacteria be found

Answer 15

guts of many animals
poultry
eggs/egg products

Question 16

Why is it a problem for salmonella to enter the body

Answer 16

It disturbs the balance of our natural gut bacteria

Question 17

what are the symptoms of Salmonella

Answer 17

develop within 8-72 hours of eating the infected food
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

Question 18

treatment of salmonella

Answer 18

no antibiotics required

Question 19

How can the spread of salmonella be prevented

Answer 19

Vaccinate poultry against salmonella
keep raw chicken away from food that is uncooked
wash surfaces and hands well after handling the poultry
cook chicken thoroughly

Question 20

what is gonorrhoea

Answer 20

a sexually transmitted disease

Question 21

how is gonorrhoea spread

Answer 21

unprotected sex with an infected person

Question 22

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 22

thick yellow/green discharge from the vogi/penis
pain on urination

Question 23

what can untreated gonorrhoea lead to

Answer 23

long term pelvic pain
infertility
ectopic pregnancies
babies born from infected mothers may have severe eye infections and even in extreme cases go blind

Question 24

how can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented

Answer 24

antibiotics reducing number of sexual partners use methods of contraception

Question 25

name a type of bacteria that causes a bacterial disease in plants

Answer 25

Agrobacterium tumefaciens , it causes crown galls

Question 26

How does this plant bacterium affect plants

Answer 26

the bacteria inserts plasmids into the plant cells and cause a mass of undifferentiated genetically modified cells to grow

Question 27

How do scientist use bacteria in plants

Answer 27

to genetically modify plants, naturally infecting them to give them new added genes, these carry the desirable characteristics

Question 28

name a fungal disease that affects HUMANS

Answer 28

athletes foot-skin fungi

Question 29

how can u treat skin fungal diseases

Answer 29

antifungal drugs

Question 30

name a plant disease caused by fungi

Answer 30

Rose black spot

Question 31

How does RBS affect plants

Answer 31

blue/black spots develop on rose leaves leaves often turn yellow and drop ->lower surface area of leaves available for photosynthesis

Question 32

How can RBS be prevented

Answer 32

removing/burning affected leaves/stems chemical fungicides Horticulturists bred type of roses that are relatively resistant to RBS

Question 33

name an example of protist caused disease

Answer 33

malaria

Question 34

symptoms of malaria

Answer 34

fever shaking death

Question 35

how can the spread of malaria be prevented

Answer 35

using insecticide impregnated nets-prevents mosquitoes from biting humans and spreading the protists using insecticides to kill the mosquitoes preventing vectors from spreading(removing standing water) antimalarial drugs that kill the parasites if they are bitten

Question 36

what is herd immunity

Answer 36

if a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is reduced and the disease may even disappear

Question 37

difference between antibiotics and pain killers

Answer 37

pain killers only ease symptoms while antibiotics cure bacterial diseases

Question 38

who discovered penicillin and how

Answer 38

Alexander Fleming-from penicillin mould

Question 39

what are new medical drugs tested for

Answer 39

efficacy-effectiveness dosage toxicity

Question 40

what is done during preclinical testing

Answer 40

testing on cell tissues /living animals tested for efficacy toxicity and dosage

Question 41

what is done during clinical trials

Answer 41

tested on healthy volunteers and patients-firstly low doses are given to healthy people in order to check for side effects if proved safe it is then used on patients to see if it seems to be treating it

Question 42

what happens during double blind trials

Answer 42

placebo--->tests the efficacy of he medicine

Question 43

what are carcinogens

Answer 43

agents that cause cancer or significantly increase the chances of getting cancer

Question 44

what is a tumour

Answer 44

forms when cells grow in an abnormal uncontrolled way

Question 45

what is the difference between malignant and Benign tumours

Answer 45

benign: uncontrollable cell growth in only one area of the body, so they do not invade other parts of the body malignant: this uncontrollable cells can spread around the body, invading neighbouring healthy tissues -->cancer

Question 46

what are some causes of cancer

Answer 46

genetics carcinogens ionising radiation