the heart

Question 1

describe the role of arteries and their characteristics

Answer 1

carries blood away from the heart
thick walls and thin lumen to withstand high pressure

Question 2

describe the role of capillaries and their characteristics

Answer 2

one cell thick to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells –>permeable walls
carry blood at low pressure
role is to exchange nutrients and waste products with tissues

Question 3

describe the role of veins and their characteristics

Answer 3

carries blood back to the heart
thin walls wide lumen,valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Question 4

what causes Coronary heart disease

Answer 4

when the artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked with fatty deposits

Question 5

How can CVD be treated

Answer 5

stents-metal mesh that can be inserted to open up the vessel

statins-drugs that reduce the deposits of fatty material

Question 6

what is transpiration

Answer 6

loss of water vapour from the leaves through the stomata

Question 7

translocation?

Answer 7

phloem carrying sugars and other nutrients where they are needed

Question 8

What are lymphocytes

Answer 8

type of WBC which produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins made by pathogens and antibodies that bind to the antigen of a pathogen but only if they fit. These stop viruses from infecting cells and cause them to clump together

Question 9

what are phagocytes

Answer 9

WBC ingests pathogens clumps

Question 10

what is glucose used for

Answer 10

respiration
making starch/fat to store energy
making cellulose
making amino acids for proteinsynthesis

Question 11

what needs to be regulated in our bodies

Answer 11

blood glucose levels
internal temperature
water levels

Question 12

what is a hormone

Answer 12

a system of glands that secretes hormones to send signals to effectors transported via blood(slower than nervous system)

Question 13

name some methods of contraception

Answer 13

FSH inhibiting pills so no eggs mature
progesterone injection/implant to stop eggs from being released
condom/diaphragm: stops sperm from entering vagina

IUD: copper coil stops egg from embedding in lining
avoid sex

clamping oviduct/cut sperm

Question 14

causes of infertility

Answer 14

lack of fsh/lh

Question 15

fertility treatement

Answer 15

fsh/lh injections
IVF in vitro fertilisation->hard and expensive
eggs collected after inducing release with LH to be fertilised in a lab viable embryos inserted back into woman’s uterus

Question 16

risks of ivf

Answer 16

low success rates
chances of multiple embryos to develop

Question 17

what is a diploid cells

Answer 17

23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 18

what is a haploid

Answer 18

23 chromosomes in total

Question 19

describe the process of meiosis

Answer 19

chromosomes in a diploid cell are copied similar chromosomes are paired up and genes are swapped between them
cell divides to produce 2 diploid cells
these divide again to produce 4 haploid cells(gametes)

Question 20

by which process does asexual reproduction take place

Answer 20

MITOSIS

Question 21

By which process does sexual reproduction take place

Answer 21

MEIOSIS

Question 22

Sexual repro advantage

Answer 22

offspring can become better adapted to the environment due to variation

Question 23

asexual repro advantage

Answer 23

only one organism required

Question 24

genome

Answer 24

the entire genetic code in an organism

Question 25

DNA

Answer 25

double helix polymer that stores genetic code

Question 26

gene

Answer 26

portion of DNA that codes for a protein

Question 26

genotype

Answer 26

an organisms specific genetic code

Question 27

phenotype

Answer 27

how this code is expressed in physical characteristics

Question 28

what are alleles

Answer 28

different versions of the same gene

Question 29

Homozygous

Answer 29

one type of allele

Question 30

heterozygous

Answer 30

diffrent types of alleles eg Bb

Question 31

what alleles is polydactyl caused by

Answer 31

caused by a dominant

Question 32

what alleles is cystic fibrosis caused by

Answer 32

caused by a recessive allele

Question 33

describe species

Answer 33

organisms that are considered to be of the same species if they can produce fertile offspring

Question 34

what alleles determine sex

Answer 34

XX=female XY=MAN

Question 35

what is selective breeding

Answer 35

breeding organisms that have desired characteristics to produce offspring in which they are more pronounced

Question 36

describe the process of genetic engineering

Answer 36

1.desired gene is cut from another organisms DNA using enzymes 2.this gene is then inserted into a vector eg bacteria plasmid or virus 3.vector inserts gene into cells of another organism early stages of its development

Question 37

examples of genetic engineering

Answer 37

insulin producing bacteria Genetically modified crops(eg. golden rice which produces Vitamin A) disease resistant crops

Question 38

what are fossils

Answer 38

decayed remains of organisms

Question 39

types of fossils

Answer 39

imprints mineralisation-->rocks soft organic tissue if the conditions for decay were not present

Question 40

how is the binominal name written

Answer 40

Genus+species

Question 41

name the 3 domains

Answer 41

archaea(primitive bacteria)->extramorphilles bacteria(true bacteria) eukaryota(animals and plants)

Question 42

what is inter dependence

Answer 42

organisms depending on each other for survival--->this leads to the formation of a community

Question 43

abiotic factors

Answer 43

non living factors eg. light ,temp, moisture, soil pH, CO2 and O2 concentration

Question 44

biotic factors

Answer 44

the impact of other organisms on an ecosystem eg. food, new predators , new pathogens

Question 45

where is the peace maker located

Answer 45

in the right atrium