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biology > B5-the human body-staying alive > Flashcards

B5-the human body-staying alive Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different systems in your body?

A

-the circulatory system
heart, blood vessels and blood.
-the gaseous exchange system
nose, mouth, trachea and lungs.
-the digestive system
mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, rectum and anus.
-the excretory system
lungs, kidneys, bladder and skin.

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2
Q

what does the circulatory system do?

A

it transports substances around the body.

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3
Q

what does the gaseous system do?

A

takes in oxygen from the air we breathe in and adds carbon dioxide to air we breathe out.

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4
Q

what does the digestive system do?

A

breaks down the biomass in the food we eat.

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5
Q

what does the excretory system do?

A

gets rid of excess water, urea, salts and carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

how substances move around ur body?

A

-through membranes by diffusion, osmosis and active transport.
-they are transported in ur blood.

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7
Q

what do blood vessels do?

A

they carry blood through the heart twice as humans have a double circulatory system.

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8
Q

how does blood travel in a body?

A

-blood goes from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
-back to the heart for a pressure boost.
-around the body the deliver oxygen and transport other substances.
-then back to the heart again.

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9
Q

what are the 4 muscular chambers of the heart?

A

-left atrium
-left ventricle
-right atrium
-right ventricle

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10
Q

what do heart valves do?

A

they keep blood flowing in one direction.

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

-arteries.
-capillaries.
-veins.

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12
Q

what are arteries?

A

-thick layer of muscle.
-thick outer wall.
-carries blood away from heart to the lungs and body.
-muscular wall can withstand the high pressure of blood.
-branch to become capillaries.

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13
Q

what are capillaries?

A

-they take blood to and from every cell.
-very thin wall allows substances to move between blood and cells quickly.
-join up to become veins.

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14
Q

what are veins?

A

-carry blood back to the heart.
-thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres allows the vein to be squashed when you move. (pushing blood along)
-valves stop the blood flowing backwards.

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15
Q

describe red blood cells.

A

-packed with protein haemoglobin.
binds with oxygen as blood passes through the lungs.
-biconcave shape gives cell a large surface area where oxygen can diffuse.
-liquid part of blood called plasma.
acts as a solvent, it gives blood its bulk and helps distribute heat around the body.

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16
Q

what do receptors do?

A

they detect stimuli, the body’s responses to the stimuli are carried by effectors. (muscle)

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17
Q

what’s the central nervous system?

A

-the brain and spinal cord.
-is linked to receptors and effectors by nerves. (peripheral nervous system)

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18
Q

what are neurons?

A

-carry nerve impulses.
-allowing different parts of the nervous system to communicate with each other.
-carried along the axon.
-don’t touch each other and pass through the synapse.

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19
Q

what are the 2 kinds of neurons?

A

-sensory neurons carry out nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS.
-motor neurons carry out nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors.

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20
Q

what does the nervous system do?

A

enables you to respond very quickly to changes in your environment. (reflex response)

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21
Q

name the parts of your brain.

A

-brain stem, controls your heart and breathing rate.
-cerebellum, associated with conscious movement.
-cerebral cortex, associated with consciousness, intelligence, language + memory.

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22
Q

why are MRI scans useful?

A

-provide detailed information about brain structure and function without having to open the skull.
-can show what part of the brain is active when patient does a specific thing. (functional MRI)

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23
Q

what are glands?

A

-an effector.
-organs that make substances called hormones and release them into the blood. (called secretion)
-together glands and hormones make up the endocrine system.

24
Q

what does the thyroid gland do?

A

makes a hormone that controls chemical reactions.

25
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

makes a hormones that control the other glands.

26
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

makes insulin for the control of blood sugar.

27
Q

what does the adrenal glands do?

A

makes adrenaline, speeds up heartbeat and breathing rate.

28
Q

describe nerve impulses.

A

fast response, short lived response, muscle contractions.

29
Q

describe hormones.

A

not as fast.
longer lasting response.
blood sugar gradually lowered.

30
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

-secreted by the thyroid gland.
-regulates growth and the rates of chemical reactions in cells.

31
Q

what is homeostasis?

A

when your body is constantly working to keep its internal environment the same.

32
Q

what’s hypothalamus?

A

controls your body’s responses to temperature change.

33
Q

what happens when your body is too hot?

A

you sweat.
your body uses vasodilation.
(the widening of arteries that supply blood to the capillaries, meaning more blood)

34
Q

what happens when your body is too cold?

A

you shiver.
your body uses vasoconstriction.
(less blood flow through capillaries in the skin)

35
Q

what do your kidneys do?

A

-they control the water balance in your body by changing the amount of urine you make.
-is a negative feedback system.

36
Q

what is ADH?

A

-it affects the amount of water that can be absorbed into the blood by increasing the permeability of the kidney tubules.
-more ADH = the more water is re-absorbed.

37
Q

what does oestrogen do?

A

causes thickening of the lining of the vagina and uterus, widening of the hips and growth of breasts.

38
Q

what does testosterone do?

A

causes growth of tissues in the testicles that make sperm and growth of the penis.

39
Q

talk abt the menstrual cycle days.

A

-day 1-5: uterus lining sheds.
-day 6-12: uterus lining thickens.
-day 13-15: ovulation, ovum releases from ovary.
-day 16-21: ovum dies if not fertilised.
-day 22-28: uterus lining continues to thicken.

40
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

maintains lining of the uterus during menstruation and pregnancy.

41
Q

what does LH do?

A

-triggers ovulation.
-found in the pituitary gland.

42
Q

what does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?

A

-stops FSH being produced so only 1 egg matures.
-repairs, thickens and maintains the uterus lining.
-stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH.
-found in the ovaries.

43
Q

what does FSH do?

A

-causes egg to mature in an ovary.
-stimulates the ovaries to release oestrogen.
-found in the pituitary gland.

44
Q

what is produced when your blood sugar is high?

A

insulin

45
Q

what is produced when your blood sugar is low?

A

glucagon
causes liver to break down stored carbs to release glucose.

46
Q

what’s type 1 diabetes?

A

-10% of cases.
-starts in childhood.
-body cannot produce insulin.
-cause unknown.
-treatment is insulin injections.

47
Q

what is type 2 diabetes?

A

-90% of cases.
-generally occurs after 40yrs of age.
-body can’t produce enough insulin/stops responding to it.
-linked to diet.
-regulated by diet/exercise.

48
Q

what’s the iris?

A

ring of tjssue that gives your eyes their colour.

49
Q

what is the cornea?

A

a transparent layer of tissue that covers the iris.

50
Q

what’s the lens?

A

a thicker layer of transparent tissue behind the pupil.

51
Q

what does the ciliary muscle?

A

stretches the lens to change its thickness, to focus light from near and far objects.

52
Q

what does the retina do?

A

transmits nerve impulses to the brain via sensory neurons in the optic nerve.

53
Q

what is a axon?

A

a long stretched out fibre of cytoplasm which the electrical nerve impulse travels along.

54
Q

what is an axon terminal?

A

where chemicals callled neurotransmitters are released.
these pass across synapses, allowing nerve impulses to pass between different neurons.

55
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

beaches which receive neurotransmitter chemicals.
they convert these chemicals into electrical signals.

56
Q

what is a myelin sheath?

A

-layer of fatty tissue.
-insulates axon.
-transmitted more efficiently.

biology (6 decks)

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