B5.1 Flashcards
What is the phenotype?
The appearance of an organism
What is variation?
Differences within a species
What is genetic and environmental variation?
Genetic - genetic material you inherit from your parents (eye colour, blood group, genetic disorders)
Environmental - the environment in which you live in
Some variation is affected by both (height)
What is continuous and discontinuous variation?
Discontinuous variation - distinct characteristic that can be grouped (blood group, gender), bar chart represents this data
Continuous variation - characteristic can be between multiple values (skin colour, leaf SA), histogram shows the data
What is asexual reproduction?
When the offspring is genetically identical to the parent cells
Many plants asexually reproduce
Only requires one parent
What is sexual reproduction?
Requires two parents
Genetic material is taken from both
Offspring produced are not identical to them
Sexual results in variation
What are gametes?
Sex cells
Sperm and egg cells for humans
Pollen cells (male) and egg cells for plants
What is fertilisation?
When the gametes fuse together
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Advantages:
- if the parent is well adapted to an area, the offspring will share an identical set of characteristics
- only one parent needed (animals wouldn’t need to find a mate, pollination wouldn’t be needed for plants) so reproduction is faster
- larger number of offspring produced quicker
Disadvantages:
- adverse changes to the biotic or abiotic factors may destroy the species
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Advantages:
- variation in offspring leads to adaption in a species required to cope with environmental changes
Disadvantages:
- requires two parents
- is slower eso fewer offspring are produced
What is a diploid cell?
Contain two sets of each chromosome
In humans they contain 46 chromsomes
What are haploid cells?
Gametes are haploid
Only have one of each chromosome
23 in humans
What happens during fertilisation?
1) two haploid gametes join together
2) from a diploid cell called a zygote
3) the zygote will divide many times by mitosis to produce a new organism
What is a genome?
The entire genetic material of an organism
All individuals have a unique genome except for identical twins
How are gametes made?
By a type of cell division called meiosis
Results in 4 genetically unique gametes