B5.2

Question 1

What is evolution?

Answer 1

Change in inherited characteristics of a population over time via natural selection.

Question 2

What can evolution result in?

Answer 2

Formation of a new species.

Question 3

Who proposed the Theory of Evolution?

Answer 3

Darwin and Wallace.

Question 4

What did the Theory of Evolution suggest?

Answer 4

All species evolved from simple life forms over 3 billion years ago.

Question 5

What causes evolution?

Answer 5

Natural selection.

Question 6

What provides variation between organisms?

Answer 6

Mutations

Question 7

What happens if a mutation provides a survival advantage?

Answer 7

Organism is more likely to survive to breeding age.

Question 8

What happens to advantageous mutations?

Answer 8

Passed on to offspring.

Question 9

What happens to the frequency of mutations over generations?

Answer 9

It increases in the population.

Question 10

Why is there usually a lot of variation in a population?

Answer 10

Due to random mutations in genes.

Question 11

What can variation within species lead to?

Answer 11

Speciation (formation of new species).

Question 12

What is speciation?

Answer 12

When populations become so different they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

Question 13

What is artificial classification?

Answer 13

Classification based only on observations.

Question 14

Who invented the artificial classification system?

Answer 14

Carl Linnaeus.

Question 15

What system did Linnaeus invent?

Answer 15

The Linnaean system.

Question 16

What groups are in the Linnaean system?

Answer 16

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Question 17

What was Linnaeus’ system based on?

Answer 17

Human judgement.

Question 18

What is natural classification based on?

Answer 18

Advances in biology like microscopes, biochemistry, DNA.

Question 19

What is phylogenetics?

Answer 19

Study of how closely related organisms are via evolutionary history.

Question 20

What is DNA sequencing used for in classification?

Answer 20

Comparing protein structures between species.

Question 21

Who added the three domains above kingdoms?

Answer 21

Carl Woese.

Question 22

What are the three domains Woese added?

Answer 22

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota.

Question 23

What are Archaea?

Answer 23

Primitive bacteria in extreme environments (e.g. hot springs).

Question 24

What are Bacteria?

Answer 24

True bacteria (despite some similarities to archaea).

Question 25

What are Eukaryota?

Answer 25

Organisms with nuclei in membranes (includes fungi, protists, plants, animals).

Question 26

What is the binomial system?

Answer 26

A two-part name for organisms: genus and species.

Question 27

Why is the binomial system useful?

Answer 27

Overcomes language barriers, used worldwide.

Question 28

Example of binomial name?

Answer 28

Harmonia axyridis (ladybug).

Question 29

What are fossils?

Answer 29

Remains of organisms from millions of years ago.

Question 30

How are fossils formed - three ways?

Answer 30

1) Hard parts not decaying, 2) Replacement by minerals, 3) Casts of traces like footprints

Question 31

What is the first way of fossils being formed?

Answer 31

1. Parts of organisms not decayed - oxygen & moisture not present meaning microbes that cause decay cannot survive

Question 32

What is the second way of fossils being formed?

Answer 32

2. Parts of organisms such as teeth, bones etc are replaced by minerals as they decay - forming a rock structure of original part

Question 33

What is the third way of fossils being formed?

Answer 33

3. Preserved traces eg footprints, burrows etc remain due to ground hardening around them & forming a cast

Question 34

What do fossils show us?

Answer 34

How anatomy has changed over time.

Question 35

What can fossil comparison reveal?

Answer 35

How closely related organisms are (used in evolutionary trees).

Question 36

What is antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

Answer 36

Bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics and reproduce resistant offspring - pass on advantageous gene

Question 37

What causes antibiotic resistance to spread?

Answer 37

Selection pressure from antibiotics.

Question 38

What is an example of resistant bacteria?

Answer 38

MRSA – resistant to many antibiotics.

Question 39

What was Darwin’s book called?

Answer 39

On the Origin of Species.

Question 40

What did Darwin’s theory state?

Answer 40

Variation occurs due to mutations, survival of the fittest - more likely to survive w wanted characteristics

Question 41

What happens to beneficial traits?

Answer 41

Passed to next generation.

Question 42

Over generations, what increases?

Answer 42

Frequency of advantageous alleles.

Question 43

Why was Darwin’s theory controversial?

Answer 43

1) Contradicted religion, 2) Little evidence then, 3) Inheritance mechanism unknown.

Question 44

What was Wallace known for?

Answer 44

Supporting evolution and developing theory of speciation.

Question 45

What causes speciation? (Step 1)

Answer 45

Variation from mutations.

Question 46

Step 2 in speciation?

Answer 46

Advantageous alleles selected.

Question 47

Step 3 in speciation?

Answer 47

Isolation (e.g. by barriers like rock falls).

Question 48

Step 4 in speciation?

Answer 48

Different alleles selected in new environment.

Question 49

Step 5 in speciation?

Answer 49

Genetic differences build up.

Question 50

Step 6 in speciation?

Answer 50

Reproductive isolation → new species.