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(A) Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

What is species richness

A

Number of different species in a habitat

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3
Q

What is species eveness

A

Abundance of each different species in an area

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4
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Number of different alleles in a gene pool of one species

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5
Q

What is a quadrat

A

A large square split into an even number of sections

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6
Q

What is a transect

A

A fixed path (often a measuring tape) that can have information recorded along

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7
Q

How are transects and quadrats used to collect samples

A

An example of data these can collect is the area of grass cover.

Lay down the transect and put your quadrat down along it at equal intervals
Count the squares with grass in and record where this was along the transect

The quadrat here is used to measure % of cover but can also be used to count number of species

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8
Q

What is the minimum sample size that should be used when investigating biodiversity

A

10

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9
Q

How do you estimate the number of species in an area

A

Take a sample of organisms and tag them
Wait a few days then take another sample at the same time from the same place. See how many have the tags and then:

Use petersons capture recapture

Sample 1 × sample 2 ÷ marked organisms in sample 2

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10
Q

What is a pitfall trap / used for

A

A small hole with a slight cover that insects fall into
The hole must be deep enough so the animals cannot escape

This allows you to collect samples

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11
Q

What is a pooter / used for

A

Used to collect samples of insects

Two tubes collected to a container
Place one end of the tube to the insect and the other end in your mouth
Suck on the tube to take the animal into the jar
A filter stops the organism from entering your mouth

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12
Q

What is a fly net

A

A large net that can be used to pick up flying insects and aquatic organisms

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13
Q

What is a branched key

A

A key that helps to determine what species an organism is from by answering yes or no questions

(E.g is it a plant
Does it have broad leaves. Narrow leaves)

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14
Q

What is a dichotomous key (numbered)

A

A key where the correct answer to a question tells you which question to ask next.
Correctly answering these questions will lead you to your organism

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15
Q

Does a large or small population have more genetic diversity

A

Large - more organisms so bigger gene pool

Small - less organisms → more in breeding → smaller gene pool → less genetic diversity

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16
Q

How does deforestation cause a loss of biodiversity

A

Cutting down trees destroys the habitat
There is less food and shelter available so animals die + plants

Animals and plants can be killed during deforestation

Rainforests hold 89% of the worlds species

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17
Q

How does agriculture cause loss of biodiversity

A

Cutting down areas to make room for crops destroys natural habitats

Pesticides used to kill insects reduces food availability for the insects predators

Fertilisers lead to Eutrophication

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18
Q

What is Eutrophication

A

Surface run off (due to rain) causes fertilisers to be washed into bodies of water

As more useful minerals enter the water an algal bloom happens
(Rapid expanse of algae)

This causes organisms in the bodies of water to die

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19
Q

Why do algal blooms kill organisms

A

As they cover the surface they prevent any aquatic plants from being able to photosynthesis

This reduces the oxygen concentration in the water, killing fish

Oxygen is also used up by bacterial decomposers breaking down the now dead plants

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20
Q

How does hunting and fishing cause loss of biodiversity

A

Overfishing leads to fish populations decreasing, and these populations will struggle to recover

Hunting animals also reduces the number of natural predators or prey

Hunting / fishing also causes changes in species richness and evenness

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21
Q

How does global warming affect biodiversity

A

By heating the earth many enzymes may stop functioning correctly (denature)

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22
Q

What is conservation

A

Protecting a natural environment to ensure habitats and organisms are not lost

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23
Q

What is ex-situ
(Conservation)

A

Outside the habitat

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24
Q

What is in-situ
(Conservation)

A

Within the habitat

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25
Q

What is captive breeding / where and how is it done

Pros and cons

A

Breeding animals together in places like zoos, in an attempt at increasing the population

Pros
Helps to increases population

Cons
Low population numbers → low gene pool →↑risk of inbreeding
Inbreeding means risk of harmful mutations
Ethical issues (animals have limited spaces)

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26
Q

How do different groups try to prevent inbreeding (captive breeding)

A

Programmes work together and exchange animals of the same species to reduce the risk of inbreeding

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27
Q

What is wildlife management

A

A conservation method of limiting human access to certain areas

Trapping invasive species

Controlled grazing + coppicing

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28
Q

What is controlled grazing

A

Limiting the amount of grazing in certain areas so that plant species have time to recover and grow

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29
Q

What is coppicing

A

Cutting down trees to their stumps, promoting the growth of tree roots

This gives plants more access to light and promotes shoots growth (↑light ↑ photosynthesis)
So more trees grow

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30
Q

What is an extinct species

A

Species with no surviving organisms left in the world

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31
Q

How do seed banks help prevent extinction

A

By safely storing seeds there will always be a seed from that plant species, so they can never go extinct

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32
Q

How are seeds prepared / stored in seed banks

A

The seeds need to be processed cleaned and x-rayed

They are disinfected to kill bacteria and microorganisms on the seed (reduces rate of decomposition)

They are x-rayed to see if the seed is able to germinate

The seeds are frozen to slow the rate of germination + decomposition

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33
Q

What are indicator species

A

An organism whose presence or absence is used as a measure of pollution

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34
Q

How are lichens used to monitor air pollution

A

They are made of fungi and algae (symbiotic mutualism)

Sulfur dioxide in the air causes acid rain which effects lichens

Bushy lichens tolerate low levels of pollution.

Leafy lichens tolerate moderate amounts of pollution.

Crusty lichens tolerate high amounts of pollution.

Where each lichen is found tells you the pollution levels in that area

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35
Q

How is water pollution measured (indicator species)

A

Stonefly nymph → dragonfly nymph →
Low →→

freshwater shrimp → hoglouse →
Slight Medium
Sludge worm → red tailed maggot
High High

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36
Q

How are canaries used to detect carbon monoxide

A

As they are more sensitive to it than humans, the canaries would be sent into caves and if they died we would know carbon monoxide is present

37
Q

What are conservation agreements

A

Agreements maid between different organisations to protect species and bio diversity at a local and international scale

38
Q

What do the ICUN do

A

The international union for the conservation of nature

Publishes a ‘red list’ which details the current conservation status of threatened animals

Countries can then work together to help these species

39
Q

What do the CITES do

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

A treaty that regulates trade of wild plants and animals, as well as there products.

Protects more than 35000 species

40
Q

What is ecotourism

A

A method of conservation that reduces the environmental impact of tourism

Money made from ecotourism is often used in protecting animals + species

41
Q

What is food security

A

The ability to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

42
Q

What factors affect food security

A

Population
Changing diets - wealthier people have a more varied diet

Climate change - affects what crops can be grown

Pests and Diseases

Condlicts

Food missuse

43
Q

How does the climate affect food security

A

Increasing temperature causes plant enzymes to denature, reducing the rate of photosynthesis

44
Q

How can food production be increased

A

Maximising photosynthesis - controlling moisture and light levels (+co2)

Using fertilizers - helps to produce more nutritious crops + land remains fertile

Removing competition and pests

Planting varieties of crops that are pest resistant or have a higher yeild

45
Q

What is intensive farming

A

Farming using artificial chemicals to make farming easier (e.g using pesticides, fertilizers or machinery)

46
Q

What is organic farming

A

Farming using natural methods for producing crops and rearing animals

Avoids the use of artificial chemicals

47
Q

What are npk fertilisers (and why they are used)

A

Nitrogen phosphate potassium fertilisers

Nitrogen - needed to make chlorophyll + protein synthesis + nitrogenous DNA bases

Potassium - Needed to open the stomata

Phosphate - needed for chlorophyll

48
Q

What is battery farming

A

A form of farming where animals are kept in small cages to limit movement

As they have protection from predators
More ATP is available for protein synthesis, mitosis and DNA replication

They are unable to wate enrgy on movement
They use less atp for thermoregulation as they are packed together

(More growth)

For chickens more energy will be used to lay eggs, more frequently

49
Q

What is sustainable food production

A

Producing food in ways that can be continued indefinitely

50
Q

What is fish farming

A

A sustainable method of food production

Fish are bred and reared large cages in seas or rivers
This protects the fish from predators and makes them easier to catch

Fish farming also means less overfishing so natural populations can recover

Different species are sperperated to reduce interspecific competition

Adults and young are also seperated to reduce intraspecific conpetitiom

Antibiotics can be used to prevent disease

Growth hormones and selective breeding can be used for bigger / better fish (higher yield)

51
Q

How do pesticides affect biodiversity

A

They are used to kill insects, preventing them from eating plants

This causes a loss in biodiversity (killing pest species may affect ‘non pest’ species)

Insecticides may harm bees and other polinators

52
Q

What is biological control

A

Introducing natural predators to kill plant pests

For example introducing wasps to kill aphids

Biological control is a sustainable way of killing pests

53
Q

What are hydroponics

A

Plants grown in water instead of soil and adding oxygen and minerals ions

54
Q

What factors can be controlled when using hydroponics

A

Temperature can be easily controlled in the building for photosynthesis

C02 can be regulated to 1000 parts per million (optimal amount)

Using bulbs that emit red and blue light saves energy and allows for 24h photosynthesis

55
Q

Why are hydroponics more sustainable than traditional farming

A

No need for pesticides
Uses over half the water
Less co2 produced as food doesnt need to be transported far (usually grown in the city)

56
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Choosing organisms with desirable characteristics (alleles) and breeding them together over many generations

E.g
Plant size
Milk yield
Musscle mass

57
Q

How is selective breeding done

A

A farmer will choose several animals with the desired characteristics and breed them together

The offspring with the desirable characteristics are then selected and bred

(Repeated over many generations)

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Reduces the number of alleles over many generations (lower gene pool)

A new disease could kill the whole population if no organisms have an allele that defends them from it

Increases the chance of inheriting a genetic disease

59
Q

What is genetic modification

A

Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism

60
Q

What is a vector

A

A method of transferring a gene of interest

61
Q

Give an example of a common vector

A

A plasmid

62
Q

What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human

A

Plasmid DNA is circular while human DNAA is linear

63
Q

What are the benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture

A

Crop yield from the same area of land
Produce toxins to kill insects

64
Q

What are restriction enzymes

A

Enzymes that recognise and cut at specific DNA base sequences

65
Q

How are recombinant plasmids formed

A

A restriction enzyme is used to extract a gene of interest by cutting a specific base sequence

The same restriction enzyme is used to cut out a space in the plasmid

The gene of interest can then join the plasmid (through cbp of sticky ends)

Finally DNA ligase is used to join the gene of interest to the plasmid

66
Q

Why is the same restriction enzyme used on the gene of interest and plasmid

A

So the same DNA base sequences are cut, producing complimentary sticky ends

67
Q

What are sticky ends

A

Unpaired DNA bases, due to being cht by a restriction enzyme

68
Q

How are recombinant plasmids inserted into a bacteria cell

A

Using an electrical shock

(Electroporation)

The electric shock makes the bacteria permeable for a short time, so the plasmid can enter

69
Q

What is a recombinant plasmid

A

A plasmid that has been combined with a gene of interest

70
Q

How can we test if the insertion of a recombinant plasmid is successful

A

When initially inserting the gene of interest, also add an antibiotic gene

When the recombinant plasmid is inserted into the bacteria it should now have both if these genes

The Bacteria can then be grown on an agar plate containing the antibiotic

If the bacteria survives and reproduces it has the gene of interest and will pass it down to its offspring

71
Q

How can genetic engineering be used to produce insulin

A

Insulin is a hormone (protein)

The gene for insulin can be inserted into a bacteria cell (in a recombinant plasmid)

The bacteria will then transcribe the gene producing insulin

The bacteria can be grown to increase the insulin production

The insulin can then be extracted and purified

72
Q

How are recombiant plasmids inserted plants

A

The recombinant plasmid is inserted into specific bacteria such as AGROBACTETIUM TUMEFACIENS

This bacteria inserts its DNA into the plants genome

The harmful gene would be replaced by the recombinant plasmid (beneficial gene)

The bacteria can be inserted into the plant by squirting it onto the underside of a leaf

73
Q

What is biotechnology

A

The use of biological processes or organisms to produce products

74
Q

What is golden rice

A

Rice that has been genetically modified

A gene called beta-carotene is taken and introduced into the rice

This gene is used to make vitamin A

This is important as Vitamin A is very important and prevents night blindness

75
Q

What are the benefits of using genetic modification on plants

A

Makes frost resistant crops - can grow all year (uses antifreeze genes from fish)

Herbicide resistance - used to kill anything except a specific crop

Diesease resistance

76
Q

What are the main risks of using biotechnology

A

Health risks
Possible allergens
Ethical concerns

Pollination of wild plant species causes a loss of biodiversity as the modified genes are introduced into the wild

Expensive

77
Q

What is health

A

A complete state of physical, emotional and social wellbeing and not just the abscence of disease

78
Q

What is disease

A

The deviation from the normal structure and function of an organism

79
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases caused by pathogens that can be spread between organisms

80
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

Diseases that cannot be spread between organisms

(E.g cancer)

81
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that can cause disease

82
Q

What are the most common pathogens

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa

83
Q

What is HIV - (spread / treatment / complications)

A

Human immunodeficiency virus
Communicable disease

It causes AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome - which weakens the immune system

It cannot be cured but can be treated

People dont die of HIV but can catch other diseases like Tuberculosis

It is passed on through bodily fluids
Treated using antivirals that stop if from replicating

Spread can be reduced by wearing protection, and not sharing needles

Prep can also be taken prior to exposure to reduce the risk of infection

Pep can be taken within 72 hours to reduce the risk of infection

84
Q

What is Staf infection ( spread / symptoms / prevention)

A

An infection caused by staph BACTERIA which often live harmlessly on peoples skin (becomes damaging when entering the skin)

Most common type of staph infection is a skin infection
Causes red lumps on the skin, hot red and swollen skin, sores crusts or blisters

The bacteria can be transferred by touch

Antibiotics are used to treat it

To prevent it from spreading, keep personal items personal and clean surfaces

If it enters the bloodstream it can cause sepsis

85
Q

What is ringworm ( spread / symptoms / prevention)

A

Ringworm is a fungal infection

It causes a red / silver rash that is often ring shaped

Scaly dry swollen rash

Treated using antifungal creams that can be rubbed onto the skin

To prevent the spread dont share personal items and change tour clothes every day

86
Q

What is influenza (spread / symptoms / prevention)

A

Influenza is also known as the flu

It is a common virus that causes, high temperatures, head ahes and an aching body

It can be transferred by droplets when sneezing

It is treated through an annual flu vaccine

Antibiotics don’t help since it’s a virus, but painkillers can be used to reduce the effects

Spread can be stopped by covering your mouth when sneezing

Influenza can lead to diseases such as pneumonia or ear infections as it weakens the immune system

87
Q

How are pathogens transferred in animals

A

Airborn - droplets / spores

Direct contact - skin to skin / bodily fluids

Indirect contact - surfaces / food / bedding / towels

88
Q

What are vectors (disease)

A

An organism that transmits disease but does not cause disease

(A) Biology (8 decks)

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