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(B - GCSE) Biology > B6 > Flashcards

B6 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

What is species richness

A

Number of different species in a habitat

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3
Q

What is species eveness

A

Abundance of each different species in an area

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4
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

Number of different alleles in a gene pool of one species

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5
Q

What is a quadrat

A

A large square split into an even number of sections

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6
Q

What is a transect

A

A fixed path (often a measuring tape) that can have information recorded along

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7
Q

How are transects and quadrats used to collect samples

A

An example of data these can collect is the area of grass cover.

Lay down the transect and put your quadrat down along it at equal intervals
Count the squares with grass in and record where this was along the transect

The quadrat here is used to measure % of cover but can also be used to count number of species

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8
Q

What is the minimum sample size that should be used when investigating biodiversity

A

10

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9
Q

How do you estimate the number of species in an area

A

Take a sample of organisms and tag them
Wait a few days then take another sample at the same time from the same place. See how many have the tags and then:

Use petersons capture recapture

Sample 1 × sample 2 ÷ marked organisms in sample 2

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10
Q

What is a pitfall trap / used for

A

A small hole with a slight cover that insects fall into
The hole must be deep enough so the animals cannot escape

This allows you to collect samples

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11
Q

What is a pooter / used for

A

Used to collect samples of insects

Two tubes collected to a container
Place one end of the tube to the insect and the other end in your mouth
Suck on the tube to take the animal into the jar
A filter stops the organism from entering your mouth

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12
Q

What is a fly net

A

A large net that can be used to pick up flying insects and aquatic organisms

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13
Q

What is a branched key

A

A key that helps to determine what species an organism is from by answering yes or no questions

(E.g is it a plant
Does it have broad leaves. Narrow leaves)

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14
Q

What is a dichotomous key (numbered)

A

A key where the correct answer to a question tells you which question to ask next.
Correctly answering these questions will lead you to your organism

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15
Q

Does a large or small population have more genetic diversity

A

Large - more organisms so bigger gene pool

Small - less organisms → more in breeding → smaller gene pool → less genetic diversity

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16
Q

How does deforestation cause a loss of biodiversity

A

Cutting down trees destroys the habitat
There is less food and shelter available so animals die + plants

Animals and plants can be killed during deforestation

Rainforests hold 89% of the worlds species

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17
Q

How does agriculture cause loss of biodiversity

A

Cutting down areas to make room for crops destroys natural habitats

Pesticides used to kill insects reduces food availability for the insects predators

Fertilisers lead to Eutrophication

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18
Q

What is Eutrophication

A

Surface run off (due to rain) causes fertilisers to be washed into bodies of water

As more useful minerals enter the water an algal bloom happens
(Rapid expanse of algae)

This causes organisms in the bodies of water to die

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19
Q

Why do algal blooms kill organisms

A

As they cover the surface they prevent any aquatic plants from being able to photosynthesis

This reduces the oxygen concentration in the water, killing fish

Oxygen is also used up by bacterial decomposers breaking down the now dead plants

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20
Q

How does hunting and fishing cause loss of biodiversity

A

Overfishing leads to fish populations decreasing, and these populations will struggle to recover

Hunting animals also reduces the number of natural predators or prey

Hunting / fishing also causes changes in species richness and evenness

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21
Q

How does global warming affect biodiversity

A

By heating the earth many enzymes may stop functioning correctly (denature)

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22
Q

What is conservation

A

Protecting a natural environment to ensure habitats and organisms are not lost

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23
Q

What is ex-situ
(Conservation)

A

Outside the habitat

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24
Q

What is in-situ
(Conservation)

A

Within the habitat

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25
What is captive breeding / where and how is it done Pros and cons
Breeding animals together in places like zoos, in an attempt at increasing the population Pros Helps to increases population Cons Low population numbers → low gene pool →↑risk of inbreeding Inbreeding means risk of harmful mutations Ethical issues (animals have limited spaces)
26
How do different groups try to prevent inbreeding (captive breeding)
Programmes work together and exchange animals of the same species to reduce the risk of inbreeding
27
What is wildlife management
A conservation method of limiting human access to certain areas Trapping invasive species Controlled grazing + coppicing
28
What is controlled grazing
Limiting the amount of grazing in certain areas so that plant species have time to recover and grow
29
What is coppicing
Cutting down trees to their stumps, promoting the growth of tree roots This gives plants more access to light and promotes shoots growth (↑light ↑ photosynthesis) So more trees grow
30
What is an extinct species
Species with no surviving organisms left in the world
31
How do seed banks help prevent extinction
By safely storing seeds there will always be a seed from that plant species, so they can never go extinct
32
How are seeds prepared / stored in seed banks
The seeds need to be processed cleaned and x-rayed They are disinfected to kill bacteria and microorganisms on the seed (reduces rate of decomposition) They are x-rayed to see if the seed is able to germinate The seeds are frozen to slow the rate of germination + decomposition
33
What are indicator species
An organism whose presence or absence is used as a measure of pollution
34
How are lichens used to monitor air pollution
They are made of fungi and algae (symbiotic mutualism) Sulfur dioxide in the air causes acid rain which effects lichens Bushy lichens tolerate low levels of pollution. Leafy lichens tolerate moderate amounts of pollution. Crusty lichens tolerate high amounts of pollution. Where each lichen is found tells you the pollution levels in that area
35
How is water pollution measured (indicator species)
Stonefly nymph → dragonfly nymph → Low →→ freshwater shrimp → hoglouse → Slight Medium Sludge worm → red tailed maggot High High
36
How are canaries used to detect carbon monoxide
As they are more sensitive to it than humans, the canaries would be sent into caves and if they died we would know carbon monoxide is present
37
What are conservation agreements
Agreements maid between different organisations to protect species and bio diversity at a local and international scale
38
What do the ICUN do
The international union for the conservation of nature Publishes a 'red list' which details the current conservation status of threatened animals Countries can then work together to help these species
39
What do the CITES do
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora A treaty that regulates trade of wild plants and animals, as well as there products. Protects more than 35000 species
40
What is ecotourism
A method of conservation that reduces the environmental impact of tourism Money made from ecotourism is often used in protecting animals + species
41
What is food security
The ability to access food of sufficient quality and quantity
42
What factors affect food security
Population Changing diets - wealthier people have a more varied diet Climate change - affects what crops can be grown Pests and Diseases Condlicts Food missuse
43
How does the climate affect food security
Increasing temperature causes plant enzymes to denature, reducing the rate of photosynthesis
44
How can food production be increased
Maximising photosynthesis - controlling moisture and light levels (+co2) Using fertilizers - helps to produce more nutritious crops + land remains fertile Removing competition and pests Planting varieties of crops that are pest resistant or have a higher yeild
45
What is intensive farming
Farming using artificial chemicals to make farming easier (e.g using pesticides, fertilizers or machinery)
46
What is organic farming
Farming using natural methods for producing crops and rearing animals Avoids the use of artificial chemicals
47
What are npk fertilisers (and why they are used)
Nitrogen phosphate potassium fertilisers Nitrogen - needed to make chlorophyll + protein synthesis + nitrogenous DNA bases Potassium - Needed to open the stomata Phosphate - needed for chlorophyll
48
What is battery farming
A form of farming where animals are kept in small cages to limit movement As they have protection from predators More ATP is available for protein synthesis, mitosis and DNA replication They are unable to wate enrgy on movement They use less atp for thermoregulation as they are packed together (More growth) For chickens more energy will be used to lay eggs, more frequently
49
What is sustainable food production
Producing food in ways that can be continued indefinitely
50
What is fish farming
A sustainable method of food production Fish are bred and reared large cages in seas or rivers This protects the fish from predators and makes them easier to catch Fish farming also means less overfishing so natural populations can recover Different species are sperperated to reduce interspecific competition Adults and young are also seperated to reduce intraspecific conpetitiom Antibiotics can be used to prevent disease Growth hormones and selective breeding can be used for bigger / better fish (higher yield)
51
How do pesticides affect biodiversity
They are used to kill insects, preventing them from eating plants This causes a loss in biodiversity (killing pest species may affect 'non pest' species) Insecticides may harm bees and other polinators
52
What is biological control
Introducing natural predators to kill plant pests For example introducing wasps to kill aphids Biological control is a sustainable way of killing pests
53
What are hydroponics
Plants grown in water instead of soil and adding oxygen and minerals ions
54
What factors can be controlled when using hydroponics
Temperature can be easily controlled in the building for photosynthesis C02 can be regulated to 1000 parts per million (optimal amount) Using bulbs that emit red and blue light saves energy and allows for 24h photosynthesis
55
Why are hydroponics more sustainable than traditional farming
No need for pesticides Uses over half the water Less co2 produced as food doesnt need to be transported far (usually grown in the city)
56
What is selective breeding
Choosing organisms with desirable characteristics (alleles) and breeding them together over many generations E.g Plant size Milk yield Musscle mass
57
How is selective breeding done
A farmer will choose several animals with the desired characteristics and breed them together The offspring with the desirable characteristics are then selected and bred (Repeated over many generations)
58
What are the disadvantages of selective breeding
Reduces the number of alleles over many generations (lower gene pool) A new disease could kill the whole population if no organisms have an allele that defends them from it Increases the chance of inheriting a genetic disease
59
What is genetic modification
Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism
60
What is a vector
A method of transferring a gene of interest
61
Give an example of a common vector
A plasmid
62
What is the difference between bacterial DNA and human
Plasmid DNA is circular while human DNAA is linear
63
What are the benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture
Crop yield from the same area of land Produce toxins to kill insects
64
What are restriction enzymes
Enzymes that recognise and cut at specific DNA base sequences
65
How are recombinant plasmids formed
A restriction enzyme is used to extract a gene of interest by cutting a specific base sequence The same restriction enzyme is used to cut out a space in the plasmid The gene of interest can then join the plasmid (through cbp of sticky ends) Finally DNA ligase is used to join the gene of interest to the plasmid
66
Why is the same restriction enzyme used on the gene of interest and plasmid
So the same DNA base sequences are cut, producing complimentary sticky ends
67
What are sticky ends
Unpaired DNA bases, due to being cht by a restriction enzyme
68
How are recombinant plasmids inserted into a bacteria cell
Using an electrical shock (Electroporation) The electric shock makes the bacteria permeable for a short time, so the plasmid can enter
69
What is a recombinant plasmid
A plasmid that has been combined with a gene of interest
70
How can we test if the insertion of a recombinant plasmid is successful
When initially inserting the gene of interest, also add an antibiotic gene When the recombinant plasmid is inserted into the bacteria it should now have both if these genes The Bacteria can then be grown on an agar plate containing the antibiotic If the bacteria survives and reproduces it has the gene of interest and will pass it down to its offspring
71
How can genetic engineering be used to produce insulin
Insulin is a hormone (protein) The gene for insulin can be inserted into a bacteria cell (in a recombinant plasmid) The bacteria will then transcribe the gene producing insulin The bacteria can be grown to increase the insulin production The insulin can then be extracted and purified
72
How are recombiant plasmids inserted plants
The recombinant plasmid is inserted into specific bacteria such as AGROBACTETIUM TUMEFACIENS This bacteria inserts its DNA into the plants genome The harmful gene would be replaced by the recombinant plasmid (beneficial gene) The bacteria can be inserted into the plant by squirting it onto the underside of a leaf
73
What is biotechnology
The use of biological processes or organisms to produce products
74
What is golden rice
Rice that has been genetically modified A gene called beta-carotene is taken and introduced into the rice This gene is used to make vitamin A This is important as Vitamin A is very important and prevents night blindness
75
What are the benefits of using genetic modification on plants
Makes frost resistant crops - can grow all year (uses antifreeze genes from fish) Herbicide resistance - used to kill anything except a specific crop Diesease resistance
76
What are the main risks of using biotechnology
Health risks Possible allergens Ethical concerns Pollination of wild plant species causes a loss of biodiversity as the modified genes are introduced into the wild Expensive
77
What is health
A complete state of physical, emotional and social wellbeing and not just the abscence of disease
78
What is disease
The deviation from the normal structure and function of an organism
79
What are communicable diseases
Diseases caused by pathogens that can be spread between organisms
80
What are non communicable diseases
Diseases that cannot be spread between organisms (E.g cancer)
81
What are pathogens
Microorganisms that can cause disease
82
What are the most common pathogens
Fungi Bacteria Viruses Protozoa
83
What is HIV - (spread / treatment / complications)
Human immunodeficiency virus Communicable disease It causes AIDS - acquired immune deficiency syndrome - which weakens the immune system It cannot be cured but can be treated People dont die of HIV but can catch other diseases like Tuberculosis It is passed on through bodily fluids Treated using antivirals that stop if from replicating Spread can be reduced by wearing protection, and not sharing needles Prep can also be taken prior to exposure to reduce the risk of infection Pep can be taken within 72 hours to reduce the risk of infection
84
What is Staf infection ( spread / symptoms / prevention)
An infection caused by staph BACTERIA which often live harmlessly on peoples skin (becomes damaging when entering the skin) Most common type of staph infection is a skin infection Causes red lumps on the skin, hot red and swollen skin, sores crusts or blisters The bacteria can be transferred by touch Antibiotics are used to treat it To prevent it from spreading, keep personal items personal and clean surfaces If it enters the bloodstream it can cause sepsis
85
What is ringworm ( spread / symptoms / prevention)
Ringworm is a fungal infection It causes a red / silver rash that is often ring shaped Scaly dry swollen rash Treated using antifungal creams that can be rubbed onto the skin To prevent the spread dont share personal items and change tour clothes every day
86
What is influenza (spread / symptoms / prevention)
Influenza is also known as the flu It is a common virus that causes, high temperatures, head ahes and an aching body It can be transferred by droplets when sneezing It is treated through an annual flu vaccine Antibiotics don't help since it's a virus, but painkillers can be used to reduce the effects Spread can be stopped by covering your mouth when sneezing Influenza can lead to diseases such as pneumonia or ear infections as it weakens the immune system
87
How are pathogens transferred in animals
Airborn - droplets / spores Direct contact - skin to skin / bodily fluids Indirect contact - surfaces / food / bedding / towels
88
What are vectors (disease)
An organism that transmits disease but does not cause disease

(B - GCSE) Biology (8 decks)

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