B6 + B7 Flashcards
(22 cards)
health
a state of physical, mental and social well-being
disease
any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body and mind
modifiable risk factors of n-cd
-high bp
-smoking
-obesity
-physical inactivity
-diabetes mellitus
-high blood cholesterol
non-modifiable risk factors of n-cd
-age
-gender
-genetic factors
-race and ethnicity
benign tumours
- contained within a membrane
- not cancerous
- easily removable
- may cause pressure or damage to organs
malignant tumours
- not contained
- cancerous
- difficult to remove/treat
- disturbs normal function, which can result in death
how does cancer spread?
through the blood stream
what is a tumour?
When DNA in the cells is damaged and the cells divide uncontrollably.
Antibiotics
- only work on bacteria
- either kill bacteria or prevent them from reproducing
- may kill a wide range of bacteria or just a specific bacteria
Painkillers
- have no effect on the pathogen
- help to alleviate the symptoms so you feel better
- e.g. paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen etc.
Drug trials
- preclinical trials- testing on cells, tissue and animals
- phase 1 clinical trials- is it safe to test on humans?
- phase 2 clinical trials- is it effective in treating the disease/ preventing symptoms?
- phase 3 clinical trials- what is the right dosage
- approval by regulatory bodies
- start prescribing the drug
Double blind trials
- neither the patient nor the doctor know who has the placebo
- helps prevent biases in doctors reports
Peer review
- results of other trials are scrutinised by experts
- prevents false claims
Advantages of monoclonal antibodies
- Only bind to diseased cells.
- can be used to treat a wide rangeof conditions.
- Treatment may becomecheaper to develop than conventional drugs.
Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
-expensive
- Mousecellstriggered an immune response in humans.
- Producingthe right monoclonal antibodies and attaching them to drugs is hard.
how are monoclonal antibodies formed?
- mouse is injected with a specific pathogen, the mouse’s immune system responds.
- specific WBC called B Lymphocytes produce antibodies.
- tumour cells are able to divide but can’t make antibodies.
- B cells are combined with tumour cells.
- cells are Hybridoma cells and make specific antibodies. They are screened to make sure they are producing the correct one.
- these cells can copy themselves and produce antibodies.
- antibodies are harvested and used for cancer and pregnancy tests.
how does smoking affect the risk of cardiovascular disease?
By damaging blood vessels, increasing blood clotting, and reducing oxygen delivery to the body.
how does smoking affect the risk of developing lung disease and lung cancer?
The chemicals damage the lungs, and also increase the likelihood of developing lung cancer.
describe the effect of diet and excursive on the development of diabetes?
- exercising and being active reduces chances of obesity
- People who exercise more regularly are fitter and healthier.
- Less chance of arthritis, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes strokes, dementia, cancer, depression + many more
the effects of alcohol on the liver
- May develop cirrhosis, a disease that destroys liver tissue.
- Alcohol is a carcinogen so heavy drinkers can develop liver cancer.
the effects of alcohol on the brain
The brain can become soft and pulpy that the normal brain structures are lost. This can cause death.
the effects of alcohol on unborn babies
- passes across the placenta into the developing baby.
- Miscarriage, stillbirths, premature births, and low birthweight are all risks linked to drinking alcohol.
- liver of the baby cannot cope with alcohol, development of the brain can be badly affected, especially during early stages .
