Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Mucosal Surfaces > B6- Examining Respiratory System II > Flashcards

B6- Examining Respiratory System II Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulse oximeter put on finger estimating

A

Estimates saturation of peripheral oxygen (Spo2). (Estimation of aretial Sao2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does it use absorbance

A

Uses difference in absorbance of infrared and red light by deoxygenated venous and oxygenated arterial to determine Spo2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What saturation indicates normal oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What would affect the readings

A

Circulation to hand, nailvarnish, co poisoning, skin pigmentstion affects readings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is better accurate measure

A

Arterial blood gas analysis abga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does pulse oxometry indicate levels of co and co2

A

No whcih is an issue as significant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What would happen if no hb eg in antarctic ice fish

A

Lack of aaturation of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Does blood have more cpascity to carty o2 or co2

A

Co2 but much lower at around 40 compared to 100mmhg because tight regulatio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is added to blood in agba and why

A

Heparin to dtop coagulation of blood sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is blood drawn

A

Aneribically to block changes in gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does agba measure

A

Ph, pao2,paco2, hco3 bicarbonate levels all in arrterial blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should ph be and what would cause increqse or decrease leading to cell death

A

7.35-45. If lower emans more co2 if higher more hco (alkalosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are normal paco2 from agba unless hypo/hypervent

A

35-50 mmhg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do low levels or high lrvels of hco indicate

A

Low means metabolic issue

High means its a compensatort effect eg in chronic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is normal pao2 in agba

A

75-105mmhg (venous is 60)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an acid base and buffer

A

Acid is a proton donator

Base is proton acceptor

Buffer reversibly binds protons/h ions = resistance to ph change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How much co2 is dissolved in blood freely

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

30% of co2 are in carbamino compounds with proteins. Give an example

A

Carbaminohaemogoblin (co2Hb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens to the rest of co2 (60%)

A

Teacts with water eg in rbc via carbonic anhydrase and produces carbonic acid which is dissociated to h and hco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What protein acts as a buffer by binding H through 38 hidtidine residues

A

Haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of haemoglobin bunds H only

A

Reduced (oxyfen would displace it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Other than the hb buffer. What else allows buffering in acid response/coping wirh co2

A

H+ can be removed by distal tubule cells in kidney and hco can be released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is co2 exchnage out of lungs important

A

Reduces lecels of carbonic acid restoring ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which arrucle discusses ph refulstion in co2 increase by chemorecetors

A

Nattie 1999

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What did nattie 1999 find
Peripheral chemo csrotid body glomus cels have a ph snesitice k channel which closes in reduced during metabolic acidosis causinf depolarisation and gkuramate release allowing hyperventilating
26
Which article discusses carrying of co2
Arthurs et al 2005
27
Why when carbonic acid dissociates to hco in rbc is hco removed and how (arhturs 2005)
Removed by cl exhcnage so cell doesnt rupture
28
What does co2 bind to to form carbamino compounds (arthurs)
The uncharged amino group on proteins eg haemoglobin
29
Which part of the 38 histidines acts as a base when hhb forms in reduced haemoglobin
Imidazole
30
What forms if H is increased too much eg due to haldene effect
Co2 whixh is rhen removed forn lungs
31
What does reducing co2 from lungs reduce
Hco and h lecels
32
How many ml/min of co2 is exhaled
200ml/min from lungs = cope with co2
33
What is acute tespiratory acidosis
Increased co2 (no change in hco) This is due to hypoventilation or v/q mismatch.
34
What diseases xause this hypoventilation
Neuromuscular diseases, obstrcutivr diseases eg asthma or copd
35
What increases in chronic resp acidosis
Both co2 but compensatory effect causes also increased hco
36
Does chronic reap acidosis have same causes ie neuromusc, obstructive, v/q mismatch
Yes as hypovent causes increased co2 and so does v/q
37
Does eenal compensatory effect inly occur in chronic acidosis
Yes
38
What is respiratory alkalosis and give where it can occur
Increase in ph and low co2 due to hyperventilation ef during stress or in altitude
39
What can happen if respiratory alkalosis is prolonged
Renal compensation
40
Which articel discusses respiratort alkalosis
Alan et al 2020
41
What did alan et al 2020 say about renal comp in resp alkalosis
Found refuced hco reabsoprtion by distal and also refuced ammonihm which gathers if too kuch h is exceeted, meaning h is beint retained to stop alkalosis
42
How can diabetes cause mrtwbolic acidosis (not to do eith co2 levels)
Ketogenesis
43
How can renal failure cause metabolic scidosis
If too much hco is excreted
44
Which response occurs in metabolic scidosis (nattie 1999)
Rhe peripheral carotid reaponse of hyperventilation to reduce ph via co2
45
What 2 things is metabolic alkalosis caused by
Increased hco ef if ingested alkaline substance, or reduced H eg cia vomiting
46
Respiration evetnually compensates for metabolic alkalosis. How
Hypogentilstion to increase co2 and redcue ph
47
Ehcih artucle discusses alternstive increase of hco other than ingesting alkaline substajces
Emmett 2020
48
Which organ otrhet than kidney can increase hco snd how (emmett 2020)
Stomach increase hco via secretion of hcl to counteract hcl gastic acid
49
Which ion is needed to be reabsorbed at proximal tubule in order to traffic hco out via reabsoroption too causing m alaklosis (emmett 2020)
Na vis the na hco cotransporter
50
Which diseases/meds increqae na reabsorption therefore HCO reabsorption
Aldosterone Or mineralocorticoid excess syndrome
51
How does resp alkalosis drcrease in co2 (hypervent) have effect on prrson eg at high altitude (alan 2020)
Seizures, dizziness rtc due to lsck of cerebral flow
52
How di you stand for radiology (taken at full inspiration)
Erect and anterooosterior
53
Loss of lung markings/loss of signal is caused by what if 1 or both lungs
If 1 lung means could be pneumothorax where air gets to pleura of a lung If borh irs likely emphysema air increases
54
If there is hazy patches on 1 or both lyngs what is it
If 1 its usually infection | If both its likely fiboriss /ards/resitrcivie
55
Dense shadowing/whiteness on xray is callef what
Consolidation
56
What can cause consolidation
Fluid build up or collapse of lung
57
What can cause consolidwtion and collapsed lung
Obstruction eg food in trachea or carcinoma or mycus blocking oxygen in lung
58
What does no wherzing with asthma indicate
Collapsed lung
59
What happens to the outer tissue of lungs in consolidation other than fluid filled or collapsed
Can be hardened or thickened eg fibrosis
60
What 2 patterns of fibrosis haziness is rhete
Net like / reticular or nodular
61
What does honeycomb pattern in advanced fubrosis cause on xray
Circular translucencies where there is permanent loss of tissue
62
What is rhe opacification sround the tranlucent honeycomb
Deposits
63
Which scan gives better tissue scanning of finrosis patients
Ct scan
64
What is high attenuation eg seen in fubrosus
Loss of intesnitity heroygh medium due ti fluid, thickness of mass or tissue ie same as consolidation
65
What are ground glass opacities xaused by (opacification is shadowing)
Increased thickening of interstitium by interstitial diseases like fibrosis, or air sspace diseases Caused by increwsed mucus, pus, ifnlammation, oedema, fibrosis in alvroli
66
What does loss of attenuation shadowing indicate
Loss of lung tossue = translucent
67
Other rhan honeycombinng whag kther examples of loe attentuation are there / transucency
Cysts Bronchiectasis Emphysema
68
What is traction bronchiectasis with low attentuation
Irreversible dilation due to fibrosis
69
What are nodules of opacitity/densitity indication of
Infections, dusts or metastases
70
Which scan indicates through a radioactivr drug can indicate activr cells eg metastatic cells
Pet scans
71
What is a pulmonary ct angiogram
Ehere a contrast dye is injected to cisualise the pulmonary arteries and indicate pulmonary embolisms

Mucosal Surfaces (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions