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Biology OCR GCSE > B6.3 Monitoring and maintaining health + Non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

B6.3 Monitoring and maintaining health + Non-communicable diseases Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Disease

A

Condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly,
causing physical effects

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2
Q

Different between communicable and non-communicable disease

A

Communicable diseases - diseases that can be spread between organisms - infectious or contagious disease

Non-communicable diseases - diseases that cannot be spread between organisms

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3
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being (as defined by the WHO)

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganism which causes disease
Examples:
Fungi
Bacteria (e-coli)
Virus
Protozoa

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5
Q

Why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis

A

HIV causes AIDs
Weakens their immune system
Makes them more susceptible to infection with tuberculosis and other infections

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6
Q

How can pathogens be spread between animals

A

Droplet infection - respiratory system, inhaling pathogens
Eating contaminated food or drink - digestive system
Through cuts in the skin
Sharing needles
Direct contact
Sexual intercourse

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7
Q

How can pathogens spread between plants

A

Vectors such as insects
Wind - fungal spores blown
Direct contact with sap of infected plant

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8
Q

Ways spread of animal disease can be reduced

A

Covering mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing
Not touching infected people of objects
Using protection - protective suits, masks, shields
Not sharing needles
Hand washing
Cooking food properly
Drinking clean water
Insect repellent / nets

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9
Q

Methods of prevening diesease in plants and animals used in farming

A

Burning dieseased plant material
Herd slaughtering - BSE, foot and moth diseasw
Drugs & isolation of diseased animals
Movement / transport bans upon diesease animals
Chemical dips to kill pathogens upon aminals and footwear
Vaccination programs
Fungicides
Pesticides

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10
Q

Bacterial disease affecting humans

A

Samonella - Found in raw meat, eggs, unwashed raw vegetables and unpasturised milk
Transimmted by ingesting infected food
Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

Campylobacter - Found in raw meat, unpasturised milk and untreated water
Transmitted by ingesting infected food
Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

E.Coli - Found in raw and undercooked meat, unpasturised milk and dairy products
Transimmted by ingesting infected food. Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea

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11
Q

Bacterial disease affecting plants

A

Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
Transmitted through cuts in the stems of plants
Plants display tumor type growths
Tumours encircle stem / trunk cutting off flow of sap

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12
Q

Viral disease that affects humans

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Transmitted through bodily fluids
Symptoms: rash and fever like symptoms (intial), invades immune cells preventing them from producing antibodies, leading to AIDs

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - Transmitted through sexual intercourse
Symptoms: throat warts, cancers of the genitals, head, neck, and throat

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13
Q

Viral disease that affects plants

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Transmitted through direct contact
Symptoms include spots and a yellow coloured mosaic pattern
Infects chloroplasts of plant leaves and reduces plant’s ability to photosynthesise

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14
Q

Fungal disease that affects animals

A

Athletes foot
Transmitted through direct contact or contact with skin particles (on shared towels/socks/shoes)
Dry cracked skin between the toes

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15
Q

Fungal disease that affects plants

A

Erysiphe graminis (barley powdery mildew)
Transmitted through vectors like aphids in cold damp environments
Symtpoms include powdery growth and yellowing on the opposite side of the leaf

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16
Q

Physical plant defences against disease

A

Thick cell wall
Waxy cuticle

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17
Q

How plants use chemical defences to prevent disease

A

Insect repellents to repel insect vectors e.g. pine resin & citronella

Insecticides e.g. pyrethrins made by chrysanthemums

Antibacterial compounds e.g. phenols which disrupts bacterial cell walls & defensins which disrupts bacterial cell membranes

Antifungal compounds e.g. chitinases which breakdown fungal cell walls and caffeine which is toxic to fungi and insects

Antimicrobial chemicals e.g. cyanide production when plant cell attacked

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18
Q

How plant disease can be identified

A

Analysis DNA to see whether the plant contains any pathogen DNA
Antigen detection to find any foreing antigens present in the plant
Obervation of symptoms
Microscopy

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19
Q

Function of platelets

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A

Small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting

20
Q

How a scab forms

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A

Skin is cut and starts to bleed
Platelets change the blood protein fibronogen into fibrin which is fiberous
Fibrin forms a network of fibres in the cut
Red blood cells are trapped in the fibre to form a clot
The clot hardens to form a scab

21
Q

Human body’s defence mechanisms against microorganisms

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A

Skin - Physical barrier - sweat glands produce oils the help to kill microorganisms

Scabs - prevent microorganisms entering via wounds

Stomach acid - low pH kills pathogens

Cillia & mucas in airways - trap & waft

Nasal hairs

Tears - contain lysozymes kill pathogens

Earwax

White blood cells - phagocytes & lymphocytes

22
Q

Function of white blood cells

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A

Phagocytes are involved in phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens and then producing enzymes that digest the microorganism (non-specific)

Lymphocytes make antitoxins or antibodies (specific)

23
Q

Antibodies

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A

Proteins found on surface of lymphocytes (white blood cells) that bind to antigens upon surface of microorganism
Once bound the pathogen can be engulfed by a phagocyte cell
Each antibody only binds to one type of antigen
New antibodies must be made by lymphocytes every time a new type of microorganism enters the body (primary response)
WBCs are able to make the same antibodies more quickly if infection occurs again (secondary response)

24
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

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A

Laboratory generated antibodies used in diagnositcs and treatment

25
How monoclonal antibodies are produced
Genetically modified mice are injected with antigens: The mouse produces an immune response producing lymphocytes with antibodies specific to the antigen The antibody prodcuning lymphocytes are collected and fused with myeloma (cancer) cells from the bone marrow The fused cell is called a hybrioma The hybridoma grows rapidly forming clones which produce the antibody The antibody is harvested = monoclonal antibodies
26
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy tests Detection of cancerous tissue Drug delivery to cancer cells Identificaton of pathogens Drug testing
27
Difference between anitbiotic and antivirals
Antibiotics kill bacteria Antivirals inhibit reproduction of viruses
28
Antiseptics
Substances applied external to the body to kill pathogens
29
How vaccines work
Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body Antigens in vaccine stimule lymphocytes to make antibodies against the pathogen Antibodies lead to the destruction of antigens without risk of you getting the disease Memory cells are created to provide long term immunity
30
“Halo” around discs of bacterial growth called, caused by antibiotics
Zone of inhibition
31
Aseptic technique
Approach to working, which prevent cross-contamination from unwanted microorganisms
32
Important steps when culturing microorganisms in the laboratory
Clean surfaces with alcohol Wear gloves Autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use Keep the culture closed until it is needed Use a bunsen burner to sterilise wire loop Work close to the bunsen burner flame
33
Stages in development of new medicines
Research the drug and test it upon lab grown cells Test the drug upon animals - data from TWO animal species required in the UK before testing upon humans Clinical trial 1 - test upon healthy volunteers Clinical trial 2 - test upon a small sample of people with the disease Clinical trial 3 - test upon a large number of people with the disease If all stages passed approval granted by the MRHA Continued studies undertaken after approval to monitor side effects
34
3 R’s principle
Reduction - smallest number of animals possible Refinement - improving experiements to avoid unnecessary suffering and improve animal care Replacement - where possible, replacing animals with other techniques e.g. cell cultures or computer models
35
Non-communicable diseases
Coronary Heart disease Bonchitis Diabetes mellitis type 1 & 2 Cancer Liver cirrhosis Alzheimer’s Disease Epilepsy Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Cerebrovascular Disease (Stroke) Coronary Artery Disease
36
Commonly identified harmful substances in tobacco smoke
Tar - Sticks cillia together preventing them wafting mucus away from the lungs causing smokers cough Collects in the lungs Carginogenic Nicotine - Addictive drug Makes your heart beat faster, narrows blood vessels leading to increase blood pressure & stoke Carbon monoxide - Attaches to the haemoglobin in RBCs stopping oxygen from binding making the heart work harder leading to CHD Particulates - small peices of solid These are engulfed by WBCs relesing an enzyme that weakens the walls of alveoli preventing proper inflation - emphysema
37
Treatments are available for cardiovascular disease
Angioplasty - A stent can be surgically implanted to keep arteries open Statins can be taken to lower cholesterol levels Pacemakers can be inserted to maintain heart rhythm Heart transplant or artificial valves can be inserted Betablockers can be taken to lower blood pressure Nitrates can be taken to widen blood vessels allowing more blood to flow through at a lower pressure Antiplatelets to reduce stickiness of blood platelets and therefore clotting Bypass surgery using vessels from other areas of the body
38
Lifestyle changes a person with cardiovascular disease should make
Healthy balanced diet - reducing processed foods Exercise more Drink less alcohol Stop smoking
39
What is meant by cancer
Disease where cells in the body begin to divide uncontrollably
40
How embryonic stem cells are used to treat medical conditions
Testing new drugs for safety and effectiveness Growth of tissues/organs with no concern of rejection Reversing damaged caused by disease by: Manufacturing brain cells - Parkinson’s Rebuilding bones and cartillage - arthritis Making replacement heart valves
41
How risk of rejection is minimised in transplantation
Tissue matching Immunosuppresant drugs
42
Risks associated with the use of stem cells in medicine
Long-term side effects unknown Rejection of foreign materials Potential increased risk of cancer Ethical issues surrounding use of embryonic stem cells
43
Gene therapy
Placement of a fully functioning allele into a cell containing a faulty allele for the same gene
44
Benefit and risk of gene therapy
Benefits - Replacement of faulty genes, reversal of chronic disease, lasting results, improvement in life quality Risks - Virus used to deliver could cause harm, increased risk of cancer, inflammatory response, sepsis, infection, targeting wrong cells
45
Personalised medicine
Preventing and treating diseases tailored specifically to the patient’s GENOME

Biology OCR GCSE (16 decks)

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