B7- Non-communicable diseases Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the harmful substances found in tobacco smoke?
tar
carbon monoxide
nicotine
What is the danger associated with tar?
Tar contains cancer causing particles (carcinogens). Tar damages your lungs by narrowing the small tubes (bronchioles) that absorb oxygen. It also damages the small hairs (cilia) that help protect your lungs from dirt and infection.
What is the danger associated with carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas which binds to haemoglobin. in red blood cells, preventing them from carrying oxygen to the cells in the body
What are the dangers of nicotine?
nicotine: narrows blood vessels and increases heart rate, leading to increased blood pressure
What are some health problems caused by poor diet and a lack of exercise?
obesity, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers
How does diet impact the risk of cardiovascular diseases?
eating too much saturated fat can increase cholesterol levels that can deposit on the inside of arteries causing them to eventually become blocked which can lead to CHD
How does exercise help regulate blood sugar levels?
Exercise can help regulate blood sugar levels by increasing the body’s sensitivity to insulin, which helps regulate the level of glucose in the blood. When the body is more sensitive to insulin, it is better able to use glucose for energy, which can help prevent type 2 diabetes and other diseases.
What are the short term effects of alcohol consumption on the brain?
- forebrain:
impacts motor control- more clumsy
decision making- less sensible - midbrain:
causes drinkers to lose emotional control
3.hindbrain:
-causes vasodilation: increased blood flow to skin
What are the longterm effects of alcohol consumption?
-robs body of vitamin B complex:
can cause skin damage, diarrhoea and depression
-liver removes alcohol from bloodstream-
enzymes break down alcohol: products are toxic and damage liver leading to cirrhosis
-irritates stomach lining causing ulcers to form
-drinking alcohol during pregnancy increases risk of miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight
-drinking heavily throughout pregnancy can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome
what is a carcinogen?
A carcinogen is any substance, agent, or organism that can cause cancer
What is the link between ionising radiation and cancer?
Ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer because it can damage DNA, the genetic material within cells. This damage can lead to mutations, which are changes in the DNA sequence, that can disrupt normal cell processes and cause uncontrolled cell growth
How does alcohol affect your nervous system?
Alcohol, being a central nervous system depressant, significantly impacts the nervous system by slowing down brain activity, altering communication between nerve cells, and affecting various neurological functions. This can lead to immediate effects like slowed reaction time, impaired judgment, and slurred speech
What is a tumour?
a mass of abnormally growing cells
what are the advantages of chemotherapy?
-shrinks cancer/ slows down growth which enables you to live longer
-for some it may shrink the cancer to a removable size
-if you do chemotherapy after surgery, it may reduce likelihood of the cancer coming back
What are the disadvantages of chemotherapy?
affects healthy body tissues where the cells are constantly growing and dividing such as:
hair
skin and lining of digestive system
bone marrow
How does chemotherapy stop cancer?
it can:
damage the part of the cell’s control centre that make it divide
interrupt the chemical processes involved in cell division
damage the cells while they’re making copies of all their genes before they divide
damage cells at the point of division
what is the difference between benign and malignant tumours?
Benign tumours are non-cancerous, typically slow-growing, and do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body whereas malignant tumours are cancerous, grow rapidly, can invade surrounding tissues, and can spread through the bloodstream
How do carcinogens cause cancer?
Carcinogens cause cancer by damaging DNA, leading to mutations that disrupt normal cell processes, ultimately resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumour formation
How do benign tumours cause damage?
Benign tumors, while not cancerous, can still cause problems by growing and putting pressure on surrounding tissues or organs
What is metastasis?
as the tumour grows, cancer cells detach and can form secondary tumours in other parts of the body
