B7 Ollie Flashcards

Question

Units of Radiation

Answer 1

Becquerel (Bq) - no. dis integrations per s econd (amount of radioactivity at source) Gray (Gy) - unit of abs orbed dos e (dos e of 1 Gray when 1 Joule of energy is absorbed by 1 Kg of tissue) Sievert (Sv) - dos e equivalent; gives relative harmful effects (Grays x Quality Factor) (biological ris k of expos ure)

Answer 2

Sievert (Sv) - dos e equivalent, gives relative harmful effects (Grays x Quality Factor) Gamma, X-rays x1 Thermal neutrons x5 Beta x1 Fas t neutrons x20 Alpha particles x20 This means alpha particles are 20x more ionis ing/harmful than gamma and X-rays Doserates -Sieverts perunittime Ionis ing Radiation Regulations - dos erates in milis ieverts (mSv)per year

Answer 3

``` Erythema, burns Naus ea, vomiting, fatigue Weight los s , haemorrhage, hair los s Radiation s icknes s Cancer Cataract ```

Answer 4

Probability of effect is proportional to the initiating caus e (dos e received) Increas ing dos e will increas e likelihood but not s everity Cancer induction Hereditary effects

Answer 5

Do not occur until a thres hold is reached Then effect proportional to dos e Erythema (s kin reddening) Depilation (hair loss) Radiation s icknes s Blood count changes

Answer 6

Dos e (frequency/duration/intens ity of expos ure) Type of radiation Dos e effect relations hip (s tochas tic/non-s tochas tic) Dos e dis tribution and part of body irradiated Individual s us ceptibility (e.g. pregnant women) External expos ure or internal pos ition (e.g. alpha particles )

Answer 7

Background - 1.9 mSv/yr Average uk inhabitant - 2.6 mSv/yr Average radiation worker - 4 mSv/yr Max permitted dos e - 20 mSv/yr Ches t X ray - 0.3 mSv Radiation s icknes s - 100 mSv Death - 300mSv

Answer 8

Radioactive gas , naturally produced Res pons ible for half individual expos ure in UK HPA Target Level 100 Bqm-3 Us ually 20, higher in s ome areas Radon detectors from HPA for hous eholders and workplaces Controls ; s umps , ventilation, s eals Buildings Regulations - reas onable precautions

Answer 9

Re g 5 & 6 : Notification and authoris ation required from HSE for lis ted tas ks e.g. X-rays/medical Some exemptions Reg 7: Ris k as s es s ment required to es tablis h controls Mustconsider (ACOP): Nature of s ource, dos e rate, res ults of dos imetry Manufacturers information, controls in place Accident and emergency s ituations , potential failure of controls

Answer 10

Reg 8: Employer tocontrol exposuretoemployees and others AFARP ACOP: Expos ure s hould be res tricted to as far below dos e limits as reas onably practicable Usuallytakentobeas as lowas reasonablyachievable(ALARA)as recommended by the ICRP Hie rarchy o f co ntro l: Engineering controls , s afe s ys tems of work and PPE Reg 9: Maintenance of controls : tes ted at s uitable intervals

Answer 11

Reg 11-Dose limits: 18yrs and above 20 mSv/yr I f i m p r a c t i c a b l e 50 m S v / y r ( m a x 1 0 0 / 5 y r s ) Under18 yrs 6 mSv/yr Specific values for parts of the body - lens of the eye 150, hands 500 mSv per year Reg 12: Contingency plans where accident reas onably fores eeable

Answer 12

Reg 13: Radiation employers to appoint Radiation Protection Advis or in writing - s ome exemptions Reg 14: Employer to provide s uitable information, ins truction and training: i)therisks tohealthcreatedbyexposure ii) the precautions which s hould be taken iii) the importance of complying with the medical, technical and adminis trative requirements of the Regulations

Answer 13

Requirements and designationforControlled Areas and Supervised Areas: Controlled Areas - where dos e levels are likely to exceed 6mSv per year or exceed 3/10 of any otherdos e limit Supervis ed Areas - where dos e levels likely to exceed 1mSv per year or exceed more than 1/10 of anyother dos e limit

Answer 14

Reg 17: Employers mus t draw up Local Rules for Controlled Areas and Supervised Areas Employers mus t appoint Radiation Protection Supervis ors to ens ure compliance with Local Rules and legal requirements Reg19: Employers mus t ens ure that des ignated areas are monitored with appropriate equipment Monitoring equipment mus t be maintained and tes ted (ACOP - at leas t annually, and calibrated beforefirs t us e) Monitoring records mus t be kept for 2 years

Answer 15

nyone likely to receive 6 mSv per year, or more than 3/10 any dos e mus t be des ignated as a Clas s ified Pers on Clas s ifiedPers ons mus t be over 18 yrs old, and mus tbe certified by an appropriate medical practitioner as being fit for work

Answer 16

Reg 27 to 33-controlofradioactive substances: Thes e include: Using sealed sources SFARP Keeping records of quantity and location (2 years ) Suitable s torage HSEtobenotifiedofreleases ofradioactivematerials (subjectto certain quantities ) Suppliers and manufacturers mus t ens ure equipment is s afe

Answer 17

Employees duties: Not to expos e thems elves to ionis ing radiation SFARP PPE- full and proper us e/return to accommodation Pres ent thems elves for medical examinations

Answer 18

Us ually external cons ultant Needed by almos t all radiation employers To be appointed in writing Cons ulted regarding controlled and s upervis ed areas , radiation controls , monitoring, drawing up of local rules etc Competence

Answer 19

Needed when the employer needs to des ignate controlled/s upervis ed ar eas To help employer ens ure compliance with local rules /regulations Employee with knowledge of work Numbers depend on as s es s ment/type ofwork/number of s ources number of Clas s ified Pers ons Level of competence required determined by employer Names to be included in local ru

Answer 20

Needed where does likely to exceed 6mSv yr or 3/10 of any dos e If s pecial procedures neces s ary Segregation and s igns indicating ris k Monitoring required Entry limited to Clas s ified Pers ons Local rules required Control of contamination e.g. hygiene

Answer 21

Des ignated where dos e received likely to be 1 mSv or 1/10 of any dos e Signage required Monitoring required Local rules Radiation Protection Supervis or required Nophysical demarcation Nomonitoring of staff

Answer 22

Anyone likely to receive 6mSv yr or 3/10 of any dos e Mus t be over 18 yrs and certified by medical practitioner as fit for work (within past 12 months) Adequate medical s urveillance Employer mus t meas ure dos e received Approved dos imetry s ervice R e c o r d s k e p t 50 y r s Clas s ified worker mus t be informed

Answer 23

Us e s malles t pos s ible s ource Reduce expos ure time to minimum Maintain greates t dis tance pos s ible Provide adequate s hielding Dos e monitoring/limits PPE Procedures to prevent internal haz ard Sealed sources

Answer 24

Eliminate the ris k through the choice of lower activity s ources Containment in glove boxes or fume cupboards Strict control on food cons umption/good hygiene practice Workplace des ign e.g. impervious s urfaces and provis ion of fume cupboards or glove boxes .

Answer 25

Appropriate PPE s uch as gloves and lab coats Extens ive training and information Emergency plans and procedures to be inplace in cas e of s pillage Monitoring/dos imetry Decontamination meas ures for equipment and clothing that may come in contact with the radioactive s ource.

Answer 26

Aim protect medical patients from unintended, exces s ive or incorrect expos ure to radiation Als o volunteers in medical res earch programmes Require that the ris k from expos ure is as s es s ed agains t the clinical benefit Should ens ure that patients receive no more expos ure than is neces s ary to achieve the des ired benefit

Answer 27

Io nis atio n Chamb e rs : Chamber containing gas Ions produced when bombarded with radiation Current flows and is meas ured Ge ige r-Mulle r Tube s: Type of ionis ation chamber High voltage between electrodes in chamber Accelerates ions - can be us ed to give “click”

Answer 28

c i nti l l a ti o n C o unte r s : Contain crys tal (e.g. s odiumiodide) that gives out light when irradiated Liquid ScintillationCounters: Sample mixed with a liquid which fluores ces when irradiated

Answer 29

Type of radiation Level of activity Level of accuracy Vis ual/audible Conditions ofuse Cos t

Answer 30

To maintain a pers onal his tory of expos ure To highlight need for further medical examination Confirm control meas ures are effective Usetodefend claims Provide employees a degree of individual comfort that they are s afe Legal requirement for Clas s ified Pers ons or if reas onable caus e to believe neces s ary to ens ure health and s afety of any employee

Answer 31

Filmbadge: Thermolumines cent dos emeters (TLDs ) Directreading/warning ins truments All dos imetry s ervices mus t be approved by HSE (Reg 35IRR)

Answer 32

Badge containing photographic film Worn on lapel/top pocket Windows allow pas s age of different types of radiation Film developed-blackening directly proportional to expos ure Optical dens ity of film meas ured Typically is s ued monthly

Answer 33

Contain crys tals e.g. Sodium/lithiumfluoride – s tore energy of ionis ing radiation Ifcrystals heatedatalaterstage, light is emitted - proportional to exposure Worn on lapel/top pocket Worn for 2 weeks up to 2 years – can be re-us ed Largely replaced film badges , les s likelyto be damaged Als o extremity dos e (finger/wris t)

Answer 34

Small lightweight - incorporating ionis ation chambers or Geiger Muller tubes Can be linked to alarms Need to be calibrated Switched on Battery check

Answer 35

Avoid damage Do not leave clos e to radiation s ources when not worn Switch on/zero Do not open/damage cas e Donotwearotherpeople’s dosimeters Avoid expos ure to heat/humidity/chemicalvapours Do not s hield in us e Proces s films /devices as s oon as pos s ible after return

Answer 36

A device for concentrating vis iblelight, IR or UV into an intens e narrow beam of high energy Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emis s ion of Radiation Eye s urgery, compact dis c players , las erlight s hows , s upermarket s canners , cutting, welding, meas uring devices

Answer 37

Burns , es pecially retina of eye – direct and reflected beams Lacerations with high power las ers Electricity – high voltages Chemicals and fume – s ample preparations , us e of dyes and s olvents , fumes produced by cutting and engraving

Answer 38

Mechanical – manual handling materials and gas cylinders , falls when acces s ing high parts of the equipment, s lips and trips on cables , cryogenic liquids , nois e, vibration Fire – high power, direct and reflected beams , ignition of cut materials

Answer 39

IEC/BS/EN 6085-1 Standard Class 1: I n h e r e n t l y s a f e (N o s k i n o r e y e h a z a r d ) Class 1M: Safe unles s pas s ed through magnifying optics Class 2: Low power devices emitting vis ible radiation not inherently s afe but eyes protected by avers ion res pons e Noskin hazard Class 2M: As 2 unles s pas s ed through magnifying optics

Answer 40

Class 3R: When output viewed directly may exceed recommended levels Low risk of injury Haz ard with optical devices Class 3B: Output invis ible, or beam caus es damage fas ter than blink res pons e May als o caus e s kin burns Class 4: Mos t haz ardous Highes t powered devices Immediate eye and s kin injury Expos ure to diffus e reflections may be haz ardous

Answer 41

IEC/BS/EN60825-1LaserSafetyStandard recommendation: To be appointed for Clas s 3B las ers and above Aware of s afety is s ues Overs ee us e Ins tallation in s mall bus ines s es Training depends on degree of ris k

Answer 42

Dept. Health Guidance to NHS/healthcare s ector Class 3B and 4 lase rs: Mus t cons ult or appointa Las er Protection Advis er Competence and role to be defined by employer Certification s chemes for LPSs e.g. HPA and the As s ociation of Las er Safety Profes s ionals

Answer 43

Undertake ris k as s es s ments Identification of the Las er Controlled Area Overs ee the commis s ioning of the las er i.e. pos t ins tallation Ens ure that s uitable local rules and working practices are drafted Provide training to Las er Protection Supervis ors and us ers Undertake regular equipment and pers onnels afety reviews Inves tigate and report as appropriate any advers e events

Answer 44

Dept. Health Guidance Supervis e the work of pers onnel who operate equipment Supervis e any local rules and ens ure that they are followed on a day-to- d ay b as i s Competence to be determined by LPA

Answer 45

Enclos ure of working area Des ign e.g. direction control, reduce reflective s urfaces , beam attenuator, s creens , warning s ignals e.g. lights Las er warning s igns Interlocks , key control, s ys tems of work Las er control areas Training of pers onnel Eye/Face protection

Answer 46

The ControlofArtificialOpticalRadiation(AOR)atWork Regulations 2010: Clas s 3B and 4 las ers Lis t 2 (action required) Ris k as s es s ment - reduce expos ure ALARP Ins truction and training Health s urveillance IfExposure LimitValues (AnnexIIcoherentradiation) likelyto be exceeded: Action plan Demarcate areas Res trict acces s Post signs

Answer 47

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999: Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 Electricity at Work Regulations 1989