Baby - CC Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Bilirubin conversion factor mg/dL to umol/L
A
17.1
2
Q
Creatinine conversion factor mg/dL to umol/L
A
88.4
3
Q
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride conversion factor mEq/L to mmol/L
A
1
4
Q
TP/Albumin/globulin g/dL to mg/L
A
10
5
Q
Ig conversion factor from mg/dL to mg/L
A
10
6
Q
Ig conversion factor from mg/dL to g/L
A
0.1
7
Q
Thryoxine ug/dL to nmol/L
A
12.9
8
Q
BUN conversion factor from mg/dL to mmol/L
A
0.357
9
Q
BUN to Urea
A
2.14
10
Q
Urea to BUN
A
0.467
11
Q
Normal BUN: Creatinine ratio
A
10-20:1
12
Q
Creatinine clearance
A
Indirect method used to asses the glomerular filtration functioning capabilities of the kidneys
13
Q
Creatinine
A
Index of overall renal function
14
Q
B2 microglobulin
A
Appears in the urine when reabsorption is incomplete because of proximal tubular damage, as in acute kidney injury
15
Q
Assay for urea that is inexpensive but lacks specificity
A
Colorimetric, diacetyl
16
Q
Assay for urea that measures ammonia formation
A
Enzymatic
17
Q
Simple nonspecific method for creatinine
A
Colorimetric, endpoint
18
Q
Assay for creatinine which is rapid and with increased specificity
A
Colorimetric: kinetic
19
Q
Assay for creatinine that measures ammonia colorimetrically or with ion-selective
A
Enzymatic
20
Q
Assay for uric acid, problems with turbidity
A
Colorimetric
21
Q
Asssay for uric that needs special instrumentation and optical cells
A
Enzymatic: UV
22
Q
Assay for uric acid, interference by reducing substances
A
Enzymatic: H2O2
23
Q
A progressive and irreversible loss of renal function, results from several disease entities
A
Chronic renal failure; Progressive and irreversible
24
Q
Least interference with analysis; Natural
A
Heparin
25
Heparin for most chemistry tests; common
Lithium heparin
26
Glucose is metabolized at a room temperature
7 mg/dL/hour
27
Glucose is metabolized at 4degC
2 mg/dL/hour
28
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose level less then 50 mg/dL
29
OGTT
Patient should be ambulatory; fasting of 8 to 14 hours
| Unrestricted diet of 150 grams CHO/day for 3 days prior to testing
30
Performed routinely to monitor glucose control
Glycosylated hemoglobin
31
Gestational diabetes patients develop diabetes
Within 5 to 10 years
32
Sodium concentration in patient with DM
Decreased due to polyuria
33
Cholesterol [NCEP Guideline for acceptable measurement error]
CV ≤ 3%
34
Triglycerides [NCEP Guidelines for acceptable measurement error]
CV ≤ 5%
35
LDLs, HDLc [NCEP Guidelines for acceptable measurement error]
CV ≤4%
36
Minor lipoproteins
IDL and Lp (a)
37
Major structural protein in HDL
Apo A1
38
Major structural protein in VLDL and LDL
Apo B100
39
Structural protein in chylomicrons
Apo B48
40
LDL cholesterol may be calculated from measurements of:
TC, TAG and HDL-c
41
Floating beta-lipoprotein
B-VLDL
42
Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein
Lp (a)
43
HDL cholesterol protective against heart disease
≥ 60mg/dL
44
HDL cholesterol major risk for heart disease
<40 mg/dL
45
Serum cholesterol: moderate risk>170 mg/dL, high risk >185 mg/dL
2-19 years old
46
Serum cholesterol: moderate risk>200 mg/dL, high risk >220 mg/dL
20-29
47
Serum cholesterol: moderate risk>220 mg/dL, high risk >240 mg/dL
30-39 years old
48
Serum cholesterol: moderate risk>240 mg/dL, high risk >260 mg/dL
40 and over
49
One-step, direct method for cholesterol
Libermann-Burchardt (L-B) procedure
50
Current reference method for cholesterol
Abell-Kendall method
51
PiSO
Potassium: Inside
Sodium: outside
52
Chloride
Counterion of sodium
| Counterbalance of sodium
53
Routinely measured electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate
54
Largest contribution to the osmolality value of serum
Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate
55
Osmolality of plasma
2 Na + Glucose (mg/dL) / 20 + BUN (mg/dL) / 3
Or
1.86 Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 + 9
56
Osmolal gap
| Difference between the measured osmolality and calculated osmolality
Indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances other than Na+, urea, or glucose, such as ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate, or B-hydroxybutyrate
57
Anion
| Na - (Cl + HCO3)
NV: 7-16 mmol/L
58
Anion gap
| Na + K) - (Cl + HCO3
NV: 10-20 mmol/L
59
Anion gap exceeds 16 mmol/L
Indication of increased concentrations of the unmeasured anions (PO4 3-, SO4 2-, proteins ions
60
ADIC
Anion Decrease
Increase Cation
Decrease anion gaps of less than 10 mmol/L
61
The anion gap is also useful as a QUALITY CONTROL measure for electrolyte results
If an increased anion gap is gap is found for electrolytes in a healthy person, one or more of the test results may be erroneous, and the tests should be repeated
62
Most common cause of hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients
Due to therapeutic K+ administration.
| The risk is greatest with IV K+ replacement.
63
Hypernatremia
Increased intake or retention
Conn's disease
Hyperaldosteronism
64
Most abundant cation in the ECF
Sodium
65
Hyponatremia
Increased water retention
| Renal failure
66
Major intracellular cation in the body, Integral part of the transmission of nerve impulses
Potassium
67
Nonspecific but sensitive for renal disease
Urea
68
BUN to Crea in renal disease
Maintained or NORMAL
69
Test for overall renal function; Tubular injury:
Crea, B2-Microglobulin
70
Test that requires mercury lamp:
Enzymatic UV
71
Short term glucose testing:
Fructosamine "glycosylated albumin" (2-3 wks)
72
Not needed for the measurement of LDLc
VLDLc - computed value
73
Hormones that regulate calcium
PTH, Calcitonin, Vit. D
74
Hyperkalemia
Decreased renal excretion
Acute or chronic renal failure
Increased intake
75
Hypokalemia
Gastrointestinal loss
76
Major extracellular anion
Chloride
77
Inversely related with Chloride
Bicarbonate
78
Calcium distribution in blood
50% ionized
79
Respiratory acidosis
Increase pCO2
80
Respiratory alkalosis
Excess CO2 loss
81
Metabolic acidosis
Excess H+ production
82
Metabolic alkalosis
Excess H+ loss
83
Fever will decrease pO2 by:
7%
84
Fever will increase pCO2 by:
3%
85
Potentiometry
pH, pCO2
86
Amperometry
pO2, Polarography
87
89 to 90% of all the CO2 in serum
Form of Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
88
Driving force of the Bicarbonate buffer system
Carbon dioxide
89
Lock-and-Key (EMIL FISCHER)
The shape of the key (substrate) must fit into the lock (enzyme)
90
Induced-Fit (Daniel Koshland)
Substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme
91
Fixed-time
Reactants are combined; reaction proceeds for a designated time; reaction is stopped and measurement is made
92
Continuous monitoring/kinetic
Multiple measurements of absorbance are made during the reaction; more advantageous
93
Forward reaction for CK
Tanzer-Gilvarg
94
Reverse reaction for CK
Oliver-Rosalki
95
Forward reaction for LD
Wacker
96
Reverse reaction for LD
Wroblewski LaDue
97
High specificity for erythrocyte, prostate
Acid phosphatase
98
High specificity for the liver
Alanine aminotransferase
99
High specificity for the pancreas
Lipase
100
High specific for the pancreas, salivary gland
Amylase
101
Moderate specificity for liver, heart, skeletal muscles
Aspartate aminostranferase
102
Moderate specificity for heart, skeletal muscles, brain
Creatinine kinase
103
Low specificity for liver, bone and kidney
Alkaline phosphatase
104
Most potent of the estrogens
Estradiol
105
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adult
Acromegaly
106
Confirmatory test for acromegaly
Glucose suppression test - OGTT
107
Effect of growth hormone to blood glucose
Increased
108
Cushing's disease description
Increase in cortisol caused by excessive development and activity of pituitary gland
109
Cretinism
Hyposecretion of thyroxine in children
110
T3 and T3 uptake test in hypothyroidism
Both decreased
111
Computed from Henderson-Hasselbach equation
HCO3- (Bicarbonate)
112
T3 and T3 uptake test in hyperthydoidism
Both increased
113
Relationship of T3 uptake and T3 test
Direct
114
Relationship of T3 uptake test and TBG
Inverse
115
Cholesterol and triglycerides in hypothyroidism
Increased
116
ACTH is from
Anterior pituitary gland
117
Conn's Syndrome
Aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma
118
Constituents of a number of common foods, including bananas, vanilla, tea and coffee
May react in the test for HMMA (VMA)
119
Enzyme produced by the kidney which acts on angiotensin from angiotensin II
Renin
120
Corrects renal blood flow by causing vasodilation of the afferent arterioles and constriction of the efferent arterioles, stimulating reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal convoluted tubules, and triggering the release of the sodium-retaining hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex and antidiuretic hormone by the hypothalamus
Angiotensin II
121
Increased antidiuretic hormone
Fluid retention, low serum Na+
122
Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Fluid loss
123
Increased aldosterone
Hypertension, low serum K+
124
Decreased aldosterone
Low serum Na+, high serum K+
125
Increased renin
Hypertension
126
"Confused teenager; 27 Pregnant; 50 dead"
0. 18%-0.30% - Mental confusion, impaired motor skills
0. 27%-0.40% - unable to walk, vomiting, impaired consciousness
0. 35%-0.50% - coma and possible death
127
Presumptive evidence of driving under the influence of alcohol
0.10%
| >100 mg/dL
128
Metabolite of cocaine
Bezoylecgonine
129
BMI of obese
≥30kg/m²
130
Blood pressure cuff as tourniquet
60 mmHg
40 mmHg during WBLD collection
131
Air displacement pipet
Relies on piston for suction to draw sample into disposable tip; the piston does not come in contact with the liquid
132
Positive displacement pipet
Operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe; it does not require a different tip for each use
133
Horizontal centrifuge/swinging bucket
Horizontal position in the centrifuge when spinning and a vertical position when the head is not moving
134
Most basic pipet
Glass pipet
135
"DpOMA"
Drop in pO2 = metabolic acidosis
136
Cushing's disease
Hypersecretion of ACTH
137
Cushing's syndrome
Increased cortisol
138
Fastest centrifuge
Ultra centrifuge
139
Monolayer centrifuge
Cyto centrifuge
140
"SPiCY"
Slope = Prop. Sys. Error
| Y intercept = Constant sys. Error
141
"HAXI"
X-Axis Horizontal, Abscissa, Independent Variables
142
"VDOY"
Y-Axis, Vertical, Ordinate, Dependent Variables
143
Reliability
Ability of an analytical method to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagent, and personel may change
144
"SPF"
F-Test = Precision, S.D.
145
"TAM"
T-Test = Accuracy, mean
146
Control that continue to either increase or decrease over a period of 6 consecutive days
Trend
147
Six or more consecutive daily values that distribute themselves on one side or either side of mean
Shift
148
The smaller the CV
Greater is the precision
149
Point-of-care testing (POCT)
Alternate site testing, near-patient testing, decentralized testing, bedside testing, or ancillary testing
150
Fahey RID
d = log Ag. Conc.
Measurement of the diameters of all circles at a set time after initiation of the diffusion process, measurements are made 24 hours (or 18 hours) after addition of samples to the plate, preferable since results are available much sooner
151
Mancini RID technique
d² = Ag. Conc.
Measurements of the diameters after diffusion has ceased, often requires 2 to 3 days before results are available; provide a more reliable estimation of low levels of antigen.
Increased sensitivity
