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Basic Animal Care > BAC Lab Exam > Flashcards

BAC Lab Exam Flashcards

(137 cards)

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0
Q

What are Herps?

A

Collective term for reptile and amphibians

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1
Q

Why study reptiles and amphibians?

A

Have increased popularity as pets
Have a biology that differs significantly from mammals
Vets are not taught much about exotics in school

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2
Q

What are some features of an amphibian

A

Moist, permeable, glandular skin
Non-amniotic eggs
Ectothermic (most are heterothermic)

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3
Q

What are the three orders of the class amphibia, and how many species does each order have

A

Anura (5000+ species) frogs etc
Caudata (500 species) salamanders
Gymnophiona (<200 species) caecilians

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4
Q

What are some features of a reptile

A

Non-permeable, non-glandular skin
Amniotic eggs
Mostly oviparous
Mostly ectothermic and heterothermic

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5
Q

What are the four orders of reptiles and how many species do they contain

A

Testudines (<7000 species) snakes/lizards

Crocodilia (23 species) crocodiles

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6
Q

In reptiles and amphibians what are we dealing with? Species or breeds?

A

Species

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7
Q

What is thermophysiology

A

How body temperature is maintained

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8
Q

What are some advantages to ectothermy

A

Lower energy needs (eat less)

Tolerate cooling better (night, seasonal, brumation)

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9
Q

What is the disadvantage of ectothermy

A

Activity limited by environmental temperature

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10
Q

How do Herps maintain their preferred body temperature

A

Behavioral thermoregulation

Physiological thermoregulation

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11
Q

What is an integument

A

The covering or outside of an organism, like skin

Unique in reptiles and amphibians

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12
Q

What is dysecdysis

A

Retained eye spectacles

Constricted toes, spines, tail tips

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13
Q

What is dysecdysis caused by

A

Inadequate environmental humidity
Malnutrition and dehydration
Parasitism

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14
Q

What can thermoreceptive organs do:

A

Can “see” heat

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15
Q

What are boids

A

Labial heat pads

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16
Q

What are crotalines

A

Paired rostral heat pits

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17
Q

What is dropping their tails done for

A

Defense

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18
Q

What must a Herps captive environment do

A

Fulfill all physiological and psychological needs
Be based on natural habitat
Omit natural dangers
Be easy to access and maintain

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19
Q

What material should a herp enclosure be made out of

A

Easy to clean and disinfect

Transparent barriers can be problematic

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20
Q

Are cagemates a good idea for Herps?

A

No

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21
Q

What are ultraviolet A lights used for

A

Part of visible spectrum for many species

Identification of conspecifics and prey

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22
Q

What does having ultraviolet -a light do to the environment?

A

Increases social behaviors
Feeding
Basking
Breeding

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23
Q

How do you determine how much uv is needed?

A 
Depends on:
Habitat
Geographical location
Time of year 
Species activity period
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24
What can you use to measure uv irradiance
A solar meter 6.2
25
Who needs UVA?
Assume diurnal species need it
26
What provides UVA?
UVB bulbs Incandescents Halogens
27
In the color rendering index, what is natural sunlight considered?
The best, 100
28
For diurnal species what is the minimum CRI they should have
80
29
What must be done to the water dish
Kept clean | Kept appropriately sized (drinking vs soaking/swimming)
30
What additives must be removed from water?
Chlorine, chloramine, fluoride
31
Who is most sensitive to water quality
Small reptiles and all amphibians most sensitive
32
What can inappropriate levels of humidity lead to?
Respiratory and or dermatological disease
33
What are humidity needs based on
Seasonally depending on wild habit
34
What are the two categories of substrate
Particulate | Non particulate
35
What is a particulate substrate and give an example
Made up of lots of small pieces | Ex: sand soil or gravel
36
What is a non particulate substrate and give an example
Made up of large pieces | Ex: paper towel, carpeting, tile
37
Is enrichment a necessity or an option
It's a necessity
38
Herps are thigmotactic, what does that mean
They must feel the security of a hide on all sides of their body
39
How big should a Herps hide be?
Just large enough to enter, turn around and exit
40
Why is food a good enrichment for Herps
Chasing live insect prey | Stimulate foraging behaviors (hidden prey)
41
What are some good reasons to keep Herps as pets?
Hypo allergic companion animals May be better suited to your lifestyle Captive breeding efforts Hands off display pets
42
How do you select a species of herp to keep as a pet?
``` Based on: Adult size Space requirements Diet Hardiness Personality and behavior ```
43
What non particulate substrates are good
Paper towel, butcher paper, newspaper
44
Why are non particulate substrates like paper towel good for animals
Easy observations of stool and urine production | Prey cannot hide easily
45
What can you do when you find out an animal is eating it's substrate?
Don't use that substrate Feed on dish or elevated perch Feed snakes in a feeding bin
46
What are the cons of having a glass aquarium with a screen top for your herps
Transparent barriers can be problematic ( face rubbing)
47
What are the cons of having a wood enclosure with a screen front or top for your herp
Wood is difficult to sanitize and screen is abrasive if animal rubs against it
48
How much uv light is transmitted through glass or plastic barriers
0%
49
What can uv light go through
Mesh/wire/screen
50
What deformities happen with uv deficiency
Skeletal deformities especially if afflicted during juvenile critical growth period
51
What is a heliotherm
Any heat producing bulb in a heat lamp fixture
52
What is a thigmotherm
Any heliospheric device placed over substrate or furniture that retains heat
53
What is special about the leopard gecko
Possess true eyelids Lack of adhesive footpads Tail enlarged with fat deposits Crested geckos are flattened dorsoventrally
54
What is special about the Sudan plated lizard
Similar body to skink | Different scalation
55
What is the major differences between lizards and caudates
Dry scaly skin Nails/claws Caudates have a frog like appearance
56
What is special about snake lung anatomy
Many species only have left lung; right lung is reduced in size or absent
57
Why is it important to examine shed skin?
Can check for ecto parasites | Check for ecdysis
58
What is the shell of a turtle?
Living bone
59
What are some ownership considerations for Owning birds
``` Time consuming Loud/destructive Messy Require fresh food/water at all times Can be aggressive Very long lifespan ```
60
Describe living in the wild for the bird
``` Predators Diet (variety) Disease Climate change Habitat destruction ```
61
Describe life in captivity for a bird
``` Caging Behavior problems Often inappropriate diet Vet care Increased longevity Hand rearing ```
62
How do you sex a bird
DNA Ultrasound Color dimorphism
63
What are a few popular bird species
``` African grey Amazon Canary Cockatiel Cockatoo Finch Macaw ```
64
Describe housing of birds
``` Safe cage location/position Appropriate size cage Various perches Toys Hiding tents Safe cage liner ```
65
Give 4 examples of appropriate perches
Cholla wood Rope perch Java wood Apple wood
66
Give three examples of inappropriate perches
Rock/stone perch Sand paper covered perch Sand paper perch
67
What is the basic care needed for birds
``` Monitor appetite, stool/urine, activity Routine weighing Monitor Molting periods Provide foraging activities and toys Training sessions Provide entertainment Regular bath ```
68
What is general grooming for birds
Nails (clipping or filing) Daily baths Beak (not usually required) Wings (trimming)
69
What are the 3 abnormal types of bird beaks
Scissor beak Overgrown beak Prognathism
70
How do you identify birds?
Leg bands | Microchips (in chest)
71
What should birds be eating?
``` Vegetables & dark greens Sprouted beans/seeds Fruits Pellets and whole grains Nuts and seeds Animal protein ```
72
What are some toxic foods for birds
``` Avocado Fruit pits/seeds Ground cherries Rhubarb Fat/sugar/salt Onion/garlic Chocolate Coffee Alcohol House plants Moldy foods ```
73
What are some toxic products for birds
``` Metals Paint/varnish Teflon Cleaning products Cigarette smoke Air fresheners ```
74
How do you restrain birds?
Hold head and stomach/feet area | Towel
75
Describe a healthy bird
``` Perky and alert Posture Bright eyes Clean nose Glossy bright feathers Hydrated skin on feet Nails trimmed Normal stools Good appetite Cloaca ```
76
What are the signs of illness in a bird
``` Puffy feathers Droopy wings Closed eyes Crusty nose Hunched position At cage bottom Loss of appetite Quiet ```
77
What are some common avian diseases
``` Psittacosis Pbfd Polyoma virus Pacheco disease virus Proventricular dilation disease Aspergillosis Candidiasis ```
78
What is a common problem with birds feet
Bumble foot
79
What is a common problem with the feathers of a bird?
Feather cysts | Broken blood feathers
80
What's a common problem associated with a bird giving birth
Egg binding
81
What's a common skin problem in birds
Mites
82
What a common problem with feeding a bird too much
Obesity | Fatty liver disease
83
What's a common problem with birds bones
Fractured
84
What are some behavioral issues of birds
``` Screaming Biting Aggression Destruction Over preening Plucking Mutiliation ```
85
What is a normal mouth like
Good occlusion All teeth present Healthy gums No foul smell
86
What is the canine adult dental formula
Incisiors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 4/4 molars 2/3
87
How many teeth does an adult canine have
42
88
What is the dental formula of an adult feline
Incisors 3/3, canines 1/1, premolars 3/2 and molars 1/1
89
How many teeth does an adult feline have
30
90
Teeth problems are the most frequent health problem in pets older than ___ years
6
91
___-____% of pets examined have some sort of periodontal disease
80-85
92
What does periodontal disease cause
Systematic problems as well as local ones
93
Why do dental problems typically lead to euthanasia
Because it is expensive to get appropriate dental treatment
94
What kind of home care can an owner be doing to take care of their pets teeth
``` Owner exam + odor Food Brushing Water additives Toys ```
95
What can a vet/tech do to take care of a pets teeth
Special products Dental cleaning Prevention programs
96
What are the clinical signs of periodontal disease
``` Halitosis Gingivitis Plaque Pus Loss of teeth Pain ```
97
What is the progression of periodontal disease
``` Plaque Gingivitis Tartar Inflammation Gum destroyed Tooth loss ```
98
What are some differences between pediatric animals and adult animals
``` Anatomy and physiology/immunity Nutrition Activity Behavior/temperament Medical care ```
99
What happens at 2-3 days in pediatric development
Umbilical cord dries and falls off
100
What happens at 5-14 days in pediatric development
Eyelids open
101
What happens at 6-14 days in pediatric development
External ear canals open
102
What Happens at 7-14 days in pediatric development
Capable of crawling
103
What happens at 14-21 days in pediatric development
Walking, urinating and defecating spontaneously
104
What happens at 8 weeks in pediatric development
Renal function nears that of an adult
105
What happens in 4-5 months in pediatric development
Hepatic function nears that of an adult
106
In puppies , when does the incisors erupt from skin
2-3 weeks
107
In puppies when does the canines erupt from the skin
3-4 weeks
108
In puppies when do the premolars erupt from the skin
3-6 weeks
109
At 12-16 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult incisors come in
110
At 16-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult canines come in
111
At 16-24 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
Adult premolars come in
112
At 14-20 weeks what happens to a dogs teeth
The adult molars come in
113
In a kitten when do the incisors erupt from the skin
3-4 weeks
114
In a kitten when do the canines erupt from the skin
3 weeks
115
In a kitten when do the pre molars erupt from the skin
4-12 weeks
116
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 12-16 weeks
Adult incisors come in
117
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 16-24 weeks
Adult canines come in | Adult premolars come in
118
In a cat what happens to their teeth at 20-28 weeks
Adult molars come In
119
When do puppies and kittens stop sleeping together
5-6 weeks of age
120
How do neonates urinate/defecate
Mother stimulates them
121
When does the puppy/kitten receive colostrum
Within 2-3 hours up to 24hrs
122
In the first week how many times does a neonate recieve milk
4-6 times a day
123
In the second week how many times does a neonate receive milk per day
3 times a day
124
When is solid food introduced to neonates
3-4 weeks of age
125
When is a neonate completely weaned off of milk
6-8 weeks
126
Why is handling neonates often good
Stimulates development and sociability
127
When is the imprinting period
First 4 months
128
When is the fear period
8-12 weeks
129
What is the normal rectal temperature of a neonate in the first week
35.6 approx
130
What is the rectal temperature of a neonate in the second week
37.0-38.2
131
When does the temperature of a neonate hit adult levels
7 weeks
132
What is the normal heart rate in the first week of life
220bpm
133
What is the respiratory rate in the first week of life
10-35 breaths per minute
134
When does the respiratory rate hit adult level in neonates
4 weeks
135
What are three things to remember about pediatrics and why do they occur
1. Hypothermia: greater surface area and less fat 2. Hypoglycemia: high energy requirement and small stomach 3. Immature hepatic and renal function: May react unpredictably to drugs
136
What are common neonatal diseases
``` Trauma and maternal neglect Hypothermia Dehydration Infectious diseases Septicemia Swimmers Hypoglycemia ```

Basic Animal Care (6 decks)

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