back Flashcards
1
Q
c7 is seen more in a ___ position
A
flexed
2
Q
superior angle of the scapula aligns with which vertebrae
A
T1
3
Q
prominent landmark of cervical spine
A
C7
4
Q
the number for the iliac crest is
A
L4
5
Q
T1 aligns with
A
superior angle of the scapula
6
Q
the vertebrae are part of the ___ skeleton
A
axial
7
Q
the cervical vertebrae are named
A
c1-c7
8
Q
the thoracic vertebrae are named
A
T1-T12
9
Q
the lumbar vertebrae are named
A
L1-L5
10
Q
the sacral vertebrae are ___ and are named
A
fused, S1-S5
11
Q
the coccyx is ___ and has ___ parts
A
fused, 4
12
Q
role of spine
A
protect spinal cord and nerves, posture, locomotion and flexible axis for head and torso
13
Q
normal curvature
A
2 lordodic curves and two kyphotic curves
14
Q
the primary vertebral curves are . why are they named this way?
A
thoracic and sacrum, develop first
15
Q
the thoracic and sacral portion of the spine are ___iorly con___
A
anteriorly concave
16
Q
the secondary vertebral curves are . why are they named this way?
A
cervical and lumbar, develop through activities after birth
17
Q
the cervical and lumbar portion of the spine are ___iorly con___
A
posteriorly concave
18
Q
the primary or thoracic and sacral have a ___ion positon (which bending movement) or ______
A
flexion , kyphosis position
19
Q
the secondary or cervical and lumbar have a ___ion positon or
A
extension, lordosis
20
Q
primary curves
A
thoracic and sacrum
21
Q
secondary curves
A
cervical and lumbar
22
Q
as the secondary curves develop, they ____ and become___
A
reverse and become lordodic
23
Q
normal kyphosis and location
A
20 to 45 degrees (thoracic and sacrum)
24
Q
excessive kyphosis is truly measured on
A
radiograph
25
in terms of lordosis, normal cervical curvature is ______ degrees
20-40 degrees
26
in terms of lordosis, normal lumbar curvature is ______ degrees
40-60 degrees
27
scoliosis is looked at on which plane and has which additional component
frontal, slight rotational component
28
lordosis and kyphosis are looked at on which plane
sagittal
29
screen for scoliosis
forward bend test
30
exaggerated lumbar lordosis is due to
weak abs, tightened hip flexors pulling hips forward causing back to arch , tight muscles of the back (lumbar extentors)
31
swayback
lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis
32
swayback causes hips to move
forward
33
hip flexors oppose
hip extensors
34
flat back is a ___ , causing the spine to move ___. effects on the person
decrease in lumbar lordosis (not becoming kyphosis yet), tired because fighting gravity because chest is forward
35
processes serve as
attachment points for muscles
36
articular surfaces make up
the facet joints of the spine
37
what makes up facet joints
Inferior articulating processes of the superior vertebrae and superior articulating processes of the inferior vertebrae
38
vertebral arch protects
protects spinal cord
39
orientation of facet indicates
movement?
40
vertebral canal contains
spinal cord
41
vertebral body is where _____ _____ occurs
weight bearing occurs
42
facet joints also called
Zygapophysial joints
43
inferior articulating facets connect with
superior articulating facets of the vertebra below
44
____ total articulating on each vertebra
4
45
movement of cervical facet joints, reduced ____degrees from horiz?
best for flection and extension, rotation, 45
46
vertebral discs are ___ joints and facet joints are ___
cartilaginous, synovial
47
thoracic joints bend in what way
side bend and rotation
48
thoracic spine does not have very good
flexion
49
lumbar joints aligned with which plane, and promote what type of movement
sagittal, flexion and extension
50
foramen
hole in structure or hole created by structure
51
foramen in series are called a
canal
52
Vertebral foramen in a row surround the
spinal cord
53
intervertebral foramen are seen from a _____ view, and house
lateral, spinal nerve exiting the vertebrae
54
cervical vertebra how many, what type if movement
7, flexion and extension, limited rotation
55
which cervical are designed for rotation
C-1 an C-2
56
Transverse foramina laterally allow for
Allows for passage of the vertebral arteries slide 14
57
what makes cercival spine unique
transverse foramen laterally allowing vertebral arteries to go through
58
unique vertebra
59
C1 aka
atlas
60
C2 aka
axis
61
C7 is
vertebra of prominence which is seen most when you flex your neck
62
cervical spine good for (movement)
flexion and extension
63
atlas is only cervical vertebra with no true and also has no
body, spinous process
64
atlas articulates with the
occiput
65
arches of atlas
anterior and posterior arches present
66
the facet articulating with the skull vs the facet articulating with C2
longer (superior) , shorter
67
C2 is unique, creating a _____ joint
pivot joint (dens)
68
dens sits ____ with the spinal cord running ___ it
anterior, behind
69
uncovertebral joints seen in
, protrusions laterally , bone spurrs can occur, not true joints but sites of movement
70
unchovertebral joint aka
joints of von luschka
71
occiput on C1 helps facilitate ___ and ____
flexion and extension
72
describe Atlanto-axial joint and its movement, permits what gesture?
c1 on c2, rotation, no yesture
73
describe Atlanto-occipital joint and its movement, permits what gesture?
Occiput on C1 , flexion and extension, yes gesture
74
thoracic spine is more ___osis
kyphosis
75
facets of the thoracic vertebrae face
anteriorly/posteriorly
76
facets of the thoracic vertebrae facilitate which movements
rotation and some lateral flexion
77
spinous processes are ____, _____, and slant _____
long, slender, inferiorly
78
movement of thoracic spine
rotation and lateral flexion (side bend
79
spinus processes legnth and slant
longer and slant down
80
rib comes in and articulates with a
superior and inferior vertebra
81
the rib # shares the name with the ___ vertebra
inferior
82
rib that comes in between t6 and t7 is rib
7
83
superior vertebra for rib1 is
C7/T1
84
how many lumbar vertebra
5
85
unique char of of lumbar vertebrae
large vertebral bodies (bear weight) posterior projecting spinous processes are long and slender
86
describe the pedicles of the lumbar vertebrae
short, thick, projecting posterolaterally (example of posteromedial on slide 21)
87
describe the laminae of the lumbar vertebrae
short and broad
88
describe the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
short and narrow
89
describe the vertebral foramen of the lumbar spine
larger than the thoracic region, smaller than the cervical
90
unique processes of lumbar spine
mammilary and accessory processes
91
lumbar spine: directions of the superior articular facet and inferior articular facet
superior faces posteromedially and inferior faces anterolaterally
92
movements seen from the facet joints aka zygapophyseal of the lumbar region
flexion, extension, some lateral flexion
93
interbody joints
translate and tilt in all directions
94
mammilary and accessory processes are for
multifidous attachment
95
superior articular facet faces
posterior and medial
96
intferior articular facet faces
anterior and lateral
97
L5 is a ___ vertebra
transitional
98
unique about L5
smaller spinus process used to measure agle between lumbar spine and sacrum (lordosis)
99
if somone has an increased lumbosacral angle
increased forces creating pain in lower back
100
sacrum has four pair of __and four pair of ___
Four pairs of anterior foramina (for ventral rami)
Four pairs of posterior foramina (for dorsal rami)
101
termination of spinal cord is through _____ hiatus
sacral hiatus
102
coccyx location and is a big ___ site
inferior to sacrum, big atttachment site for muscles
103
coccyx is the focal point of
muscle and ligamentous attachments
104
disc names after
vertebra sorrounding the disk
105
disc are thicker anterior where
lordodic
106
thoracic disks are
uniform and thin
107
function of disk
Resist tensile forces in nearly all directions
Disc is concave posteriorly and reinforced to resist flexion
108
anatomy of disk
Anulus fibrosus: Outer fibrocartilaginous ring arranged in sheets called lamellae. Concentric rings
and
Nucleus pulposis: Gelatinous mass
109
what is the anulus fibrosis
Outer fibrocartilaginous ring arranged in sheets called lamellae. Concentric rings
110
Nucleus pulposis
Gelatinous mass that is a shock absorber and distributes forces
111
what part of the disk distributes forces
nucleus p
112
major ligaments of sagittal plane
anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament
113
only ligament that resists extension
anterior longitudinal ligament
114
all resist __ because behind the vertebrae/vertebral body
flexion
115
___ resists sidebenting/ lateral flexion
intertransverse ligament
116
describe the anterior longitudinal ligament, resists ____
strong and well developed in the lumbar region, resists extension
117
describe posterior longitudinal ligament, resists ____
thin in lumbar region, prevents disc protrusion anteriorly, resists flexion
118
descrube the interspinous ligament, movement
least overall stiffness, resists flexion
118
describe ligamentum flavum, resists _____
connects laminae to laminae, resists flexion
119
tectoral membrane comes from
Superior extension of PLL in cervical spine
120
nuchal ligaments come from
Superior thickening of supraspinous ligament
121
holds c1 against c2 at the dens
transverse ligament
122
alar ligaments
resists lateral flexion between occiput and c2
123
iliolumbar ligament maintains
stability (anchor) for spine to sacrum during movement
124
to get blood suply to thoracic region it comes through ___ vessels
intercostal and lumbar
125
extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles
superficial vs deep
126
intrinsic muscles are
stabilizers
127
peripheral nerves innervate, and are coming from
ventral ramii
128
dorsal ramii for
intrinsic muscles
129
muscles found in cercival spine
capitus and cervicus
130
rotatores motion
contralateral
131
describe the intertransverse ligament, resists ___
not true ligaments, iliolumbar ligament L4 and inferior, resists lateral flexion
132
ventral ramii supply___
motor and sensory innervation for the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back and throughout the body
133
dorsal ramii supply
innervation to the skin and fascia of the back, and intrinsic (deep) muscles
134
Skin and fascia are provided blood supply through
segmental vessels
135
extrinsic muscles of the back influence
upper extremity and back
136
innervation of the upper trapezius
cranial nerve 9, accessory
137
inneration for extrinsic back muscles except upper trapezius
form from ventral ramii
138
extrinsic back muscles involved in respiration
serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior ( slide 39)
139
Longitudinal columnar intrinsic muscles of the back go from
skull to the pelvis
140
describe the intrinsic muscles of the back
longitudinal, columnar from the skull to the pelvis
141
the intrinsic muscles of the back are innervated by
dorsal ramii
142
function of the intrinsic back muscles when used unilaterally, bilaterally?
unilaterally lateral flexion and rotation
bilaterally : extension
143
how are the intrinsic muscles of the back injured
poor lifting techniques, posterior hip weakness, prolonged improper positions
143
the intrinsic muscles of the back are protected by
thoracolumbar fascia
144
movement of the splenius capitus
bilateral: extension
unilateral : side bending and rotation of the head ipsilaterally
145
intrinsic superficial back muscles are
splenius capitus and splenius cervicis
146
origins of the intrinsic superficial muscles of the back
Nuchal Ligament, Mastoid process , Lateral aspect of cervical spine
147
movement of the cervicis capitus
bilateral: extension
Unilateral: Side bending and rotation of the neck ipsilaterally
148
iliocostalis is the _____ of the erector spinae muscles
most lateral
149
intrinsic intermediate back muscles are known together as _____ and are individually
erector spinae: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
150
longissimus located ____ in reference to the other erector spinae
in the middle of the other erector spinae
151
the spinalis is the _____ of the erector spinae muscles
most medial
152
function/movement of the erector spinae
Bilateral: extension
Unilateral: lateral flexion and rotation to ipsilateral side
153
where does the iliocostalis intert
ribs and transverse processes
154
where does the longissimus insert
insert on transverse process and mastoid process
155
where does the spinalis insert
insert on spinous process
156
intrinsic deep back muscles are known together as _____ and are individually
transversospinalis layer: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
157
descrbe the semispinalis of the extrinsic deep layer of the back
most superficial, most prominent in the cervical region
158
the multifidus is most prominent in the _____ region
lumbar
159
in what region are the rotatores most prominent and what do they facilitate
thoracic, contralateral rotation
160
what is the function of the transverospinalis layer
extend and stabilize the vertebral column
161
what are the muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine
rectus posterior minor, rectus posterior major, superior oblique, inferior oblique
162
rectus posterior minor location and movement allowed
muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint
163
Rectus posterior major location and movement allowed
muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint
164
superior oblique location and movement allowed
muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for extension of the head at the OA joint
165
inferior oblique location and movement allowed
muscles of the suboccipital region of the cervical spine and allows for rotation of head to ipsilateral side at AA joint
166
the suboccipital nerve is made up of
dorsal ramus of C1 and innervation of suboccipital muscles
167
what is within the suboccipital muscles
vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve
168
what are the borders of the suboccipital triangle
rectus capitis major, superior oblique, inferior oblique
169
movements of the spine
lateral flexion, extension (lean back) flexion (lean forward), rotation (of head and neck and upper trunk)
170
thoracolumbar fascia. superficial and deep layers support ___ and allow
network of collagen fibers. superficial and deep layers support muscle attachments and allow the upper body and lower body to work together through the lumbar spine
171
the deep layers of the throacolumbar fascia separate the
paraspinal muscles from the posterior abdominal wall
172
pars interarticularis fractures occur in what region
between the superior and inferior articular facets
173
pars interarticularis fractures result in
spondylolysis
174
describe spondylolysis in relation to par interarticularis fractures
fracture with out migration of the vertebral body anterior
175
describe spondylolisthesis in relation to par interarticularis fractures
fracture with migration of the vertebral body
176
what are the types of spondylolisthesis and what do they result in
anteriolisthesis, retrolistesis which result in spinal stenosis
177
most common lumbar spine to experience spondylolisthesis are
L4-L5 and L5-S1
178
anteriolisthesis in relation to spondylolisthesis, a type of pars interarticularis fracture, is described as
anterior slippage of superior vertebra
179
retrolisthesis in relation to spondylolisthesis, a type of pars interarticularis fracture, is described as
posterior slippage of the superior vertebra
180
describe lumbar canal stenosis and is it congenital or acquired?
narrowing of the lumbar canal, can be congenital or acquired
181
describe the symptoms of lumbar canal stenosis
Pain, numbness or weakness in low back, legs, groin, hips, etc.
182
what can aggravate and what can ease lumbar canal stenosis
Aggravating: Walking or standing
Easing: Lying down, sitting, or other flexion-based activities
183
intervertebral disc diagnoses are most common at which vertebrae and what are the symptoms
c5-c6 and l4-l5. symptoms include pressing on nerves, causing pain or nerve symptoms down the leg
184
describe disc degeneration
chemical changes associated with aging causing discs to weaken
185
describe disc prolapse and another name for it is _____
form or position of the disc changes with impingement of the spinal canal, bulging disc
186
describe disc extrusion
the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus (wall like) but remains in the disc
187
disc sequestration and another name for it is___
the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus and lies outside, aka herniation
188
goal of a spinal tap, where does it occur and in what position
to remove cerebrospinal fluid for testing, L3/L4, and done in flexion (leaning forward)
189
goal of a epidural anesthesis, where does it occur
provide pain relief, L4/L3 between spinous processes
190
what is a laminectomy and what is it's purpose
Surgical incision of the lamina bilaterally for removal of the posterior structures of the spine to take pressure of spinal nerves or spinal cord
191
what is the triangle of auscultation and it allows for
small region free of superficial muscles and allows improved auscultation of lungs in the thoracic cavity
192
myelography is replaced by
MRI
193
myelography description
Radiopaque contrast study to view spinal cord and spinal nerve roots
194
describe how Computerized tomography (CT) is used for the back
Can distinguish white/gray matter
Improved imaging of vertebral column fractures
Vertebrae appear white
Can do 3D reconstruction
195
describe how Magnetic Resonance imaging is used for the back
No X-rays used
Good images vertebral column, spinal cord, CSF
Preferred imaging modality for evaluating IV disc disorders
