Back

Question 1

Functions of the vertebral column

Answer 1

1. Protection
2. Support (the axial skeleton)
3. Posture and locomotion

Question 2

Limit vertebral column movements

Answer 2

1. IV discs
2. Facets
3. Ligament flava, posterior longitudinal ligament
4. Thoracic cage attachments

Question 3

Extrinsic back muscles - Innervation

Answer 3

ventral rami - because responsible for limb movement

Trapezius is the exception

Question 4

Superficial Extrinsic Back Muscles

Answer 4

• Trapezius
• Latissimus dorsi
• levator scapulae
• rhomboid: major and minor

Question 5

Intermediate Extrinsic Back Muscles

Answer 5

-Serratus posterior superior
-Serratus posterior inferior
function as superficial respiratory (proprioceptive) muscles

Question 6

Trapezius - actions

Answer 6

(superior and inferior fibers) cause superior rotation of scapula.
elevation, depression, retraction of scapula.

Question 7

Latissimus Dorsi - actions

Answer 7

Extends, adducts, medial rotation of shoulder joint.

Swimmers’ muscle.

Question 8

Lattissimus Dorsi - innervation

Answer 8

Thoracodorsal Nerve (C6, C7, C8)

Question 9

Lattissimus Dorsi - irrigation

Answer 9

Thoracodorsal artery

Question 10

Rhomboids - action

Answer 10

Inferior rotation of scapula

Question 11

Levator scapulae - action

Answer 11

Elevates scapula

Question 12

Levator scapulae - innervation

Answer 12

Dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Cervical Spinal nerve (C3-C4)

Question 13

Levator scapulae - irrigation

Answer 13

Dorsal scapular artery

Question 14

Rhomboids - innervation

Answer 14

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Question 15

Trapezius - innervation

Answer 15

Cranial nerve XI

Question 16

Deep intrinsic back muscles

Answer 16

Actions: maintain posture, control movement of vertebral column
Innervation: Posterior (Dorsal) Rami Spinal Nerves

Question 17

Cervical Movements

Answer 17

Flexion, Extension, Lateral flexion, rotation

Question 18

Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles

Answer 18

Splenius (Capitis, Cervicis)

Question 19

Splenius (Capitis, Cervicis) - actions

Answer 19

alone: laterally flex neck, rotate head
together: extend head and neck

Question 20

Splenius Capitis - insertions

Answer 20

Spinous process C7-T4, mastoid process occipital bone

Question 21

Splenius Cervicis - insertions

Answer 21

Spinous processes T3-T6, Transverse processes C1-C3

Question 22

Intermediate Intrinsic Back Muscles

Answer 22

Erector Spinae (Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)

Question 23

Erector Spinae - actions

Answer 23

Chief Extensors of Vertebral Column
Bilaterally- Extend vertebral column and head
Unilaterally- Laterally flex vertebra column

Question 24

Erector Spinae muscles

Answer 24

Iliocostalis (lateral)
Longissimus (intermediate)
Spinalis (medial)

Question 25

Transversospinalis Muscles

Answer 25

EXTENSION, ROTATION Semispinalis (Capitis, cervicis, thoracis) Multifidus Rotatores

Question 26

Semispinalis - actions

Answer 26

(Capitis, Cervicis, Thoracis) | Extend head, thorax and cervical region

Question 27

Multifidus - action

Answer 27

Thickest in the lumbar region; stabilizes vertebrae

Question 28

Rotatores

Answer 28

Thoracic region: Stabilizes vertebrae

Question 29

Minor Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles

Answer 29

Interspinalis Intertransversarii Levatores Costarum

Question 30

Interspinalis

Answer 30

Innervation: Posterior Rami Spinal Nerve Action: aid in extension and rotation VC

Question 31

Intertransversarii

Answer 31

Innervation: Anterior AND Posterior Rami Spinal Nerve Action: aid in lateral flexion, bi-laterally stabilize VC

Question 32

Levatores Costarum

Answer 32

Innervation: Posterior Rami Spinal Nerve Actions: Elevate ribs, assist respiration, aid lateral flexion

Question 33

Joints of the Vertebral Column

Answer 33

1. Vertebral body joints - IV discs 2. Vertebral arches joints - facet joints, uncovertebral joints 3. Craniovertebral joints - Atlanto-axial, Atlanto-occipital 4. Sacroiliac joints

Question 34

Intervetebral discs

Answer 34

Symphyses, named for adjacent vertebrae | No discs between C1 and C2 (dens instead) or within saccrum/ coccyx

Question 35

Annulus fibrosus

Answer 35

alternating laminae of fibrocartilage (of the IV discs)

Question 36

Nucleus pulposus

Answer 36

Hydrophilic, jelly-like center of IV discs.

Question 37

Facet (zygopophysial) joints

Answer 37

Synovial joints, surrounded by facet capsulary ligament Innervated: articular branches from medial branches of dorsal rami spinal nerves- have sensory component bone spurs occur in these joints- will manifest as pain in diff dermatomes innervated by those spinal nerves

Question 38

Limit spinal flexion

Answer 38

Ligamentum flavum Posterior longitudinal ligament Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments

Question 39

Limit spinal extension

Answer 39

anterior longitudinal ligament

Question 40

Limiting lateral bending

Answer 40

Intertransverse Ligaments

Question 41

Craniovertebral joints

Answer 41

One median atlantoaxial joint, two lateral

Question 42

Sacroiliac Joints

Answer 42

primary joints of the pelvis; weight-bearing function

Question 43

Sprain

Answer 43

ONLY ligaments/attachments to bones are involved | NO dislocation/ joint instability

Question 44

Strain

Answer 44

Stretching/ muscle microtear Erector spinae muscles Most common cause of back pain

Question 45

Suboccipital region muscles

Answer 45

1. Obliquus capitis inferior (no attachment to cranium) 2. Obliquus capitis superior 3. Rectus capitis posterior major 4. Rectus capitis posterior minor

Question 46

Suboccipital region muscles - actions

Answer 46

Extend head on C1, rotate head and C1 on C2 | Stabilize and control fine movements

Question 47

Suboccipital region muslces - innervation

Answer 47

suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus C1)

Question 48

Suboccipital region muscles - insertions

Answer 48

1. OC inferior- spinous process of c2 - transverse process C1 2. OC superior - transverse process C1 - occipital bone 3. RCP major - spinous process c2 - occipital bone 4. RCP minor - c1 - occipital

Question 49

Suboccipital triangle - irrigation

Answer 49

Vertebral artery