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Question 1

Fxns of vertebral column

Answer 1

• Protect spinal cord/nerves

- Posture, locomotion

Question 2

Movements of vertebral column

Answer 2

• Extension
• Flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation

Question 3

Primary curvature

Answer 3

Kyphosis

• Concave anteriorly
• Develop early in ontogeny, during fetal period

Question 4

Secondary curvatures

Answer 4

Lordoses

• Concave posteriorly
• Cervical curvature develops as infant learns to hold head upright
• Lumbar curvature develops as infant learns to sit upright & walk

Question 5

Excessive thoracic kyphosis colloquial

Answer 5

“Humpback”

Question 6

Excessive lumbar lordosis colloquial

Answer 6

“Swayback”

Question 7

Scoliosis

Answer 7

Lateral deviation & rotation

Question 8

Atlas

Answer 8

• C1
• Lacks body & spinous process, ring-shaped
• Superior articular facets articulate w/ occipital condyles

Question 9

Axis

Answer 9

• Dens process

- Large superior articular facets articulate w/ inferior articular facets on C1

Question 10

Thoracic vertebrae

Answer 10

• Heart shaped bodies
• Inferiorly projecting spinous processes
• Costal facets articulate w/ ribs

Question 11

Lumbar vertebrae

Answer 11

• Robust, large bodies
• Posteriorly projecting spinous processes
• Larger gaps btwn adjacent vertebrae (esp. when flexed)

Question 12

Intervertebral discs

Answer 12

• Distribute weight/force
• Provide flexibility
• Cervical/lumbar discs are thicker anteriorly

Question 13

What type of joints are btwn the vertebral bodies?

Answer 13

• Cartilaginous

- Intervertebral discs & ligaments

Question 14

What type of joints are located at the uncinate processes?

Answer 14

Uncovertebral

Question 15

What type of joints are btwn the vertebral facets?

Answer 15

Zygapophysial

- Orientation of facets determines range of motion

Question 16

Orientation of cervical vertebral facets

Answer 16

Face superiorly/inferiorly

Question 17

Cervical vertebrae actions

Answer 17

• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation

Question 18

Orientation of thoracic vertebral facets

Answer 18

Face anteriorly/posteriorly

Question 19

Thoracic vertebrae action

Answer 19

Rotation

Question 20

Orientation of lumbar vertebral facets

Answer 20

Face medially/laterally

Question 21

Lumbar vertebrae actions

Answer 21

• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion

Question 22

Atlanto-occipital joints (location & action)

Answer 22

• Synovial joints btwn superior articular facets of C1 & occipital condyles
• Flexion/extension of head (“Yes”)

Question 23

Atlanto-axial joints (location & action)

Answer 23

• Synovial joints btwn C1 & C2
• 2 lateral (facet), 1 median (btwn anterior arch of C1, dens process, & transverse ligament of C1)
• Rotation of head (“No”)

Question 24

Inferior angle spinal level

Answer 24

T7

Question 25

Iliac crests spinal level

Answer 25

L4

Question 26

Segmental vessels

Answer 26

Supply skin & fascia - Intercostal - Subcostal - Lumbar

Question 27

Nuchal ligament

Answer 27

Cervical thickening of supraspinous ligament

Question 28

Innervation of extrinsic muscles (& exception)

Answer 28

Ventral rami | Except trapezius, which is innervated by CN VI

Question 29

What makes up the triangle of auscultation?

Answer 29

- Trapezius - Latissimus dorsi - Medial border of inferior scapula

Question 30

Innervation of intrinsic muscles

Answer 30

Dorsal rami

Question 31

Action of intrinsic muscles

Answer 31

- Extension of vertebral column - Lateral flexion - Rotation

Question 32

What extrinsic muscles are involved in respiration?

Answer 32

- Serratus posterior superior - Serratus posterior inferior * Located deep to rhomboids & latissimus dorsi

Question 33

Origin of SF layer (splenius capitus & cervicis)

Answer 33

Nuchal ligament, thoracic spinal processes

Question 34

Insertion splenius capitus

Answer 34

Mastoid process, occipital bone

Question 35

Insertion of splenius cervicis

Answer 35

Cervical transverse processes

Question 36

Origin of erector spinae

Answer 36

Iliac crest, sacrum, & lumbar spinous processes

Question 37

Insertion of iliocostalis

Answer 37

Ribs, transverse processes

Question 38

Insertion of longissimus

Answer 38

Transverse processes, mastoid process

Question 39

Insertion of spinals

Answer 39

Spinous processes, occipital bone

Question 40

What parts make up transversospinalis?

Answer 40

- Semispinalis - Multifidus - Rotatores

Question 41

Origin of trasversospinalis

Answer 41

"Gutter" btwn transverse & spinous processes

Question 42

What is vertebra C7 called?

Answer 42

Vertebra prominens | - Bc it has most prominent spinous process

Question 43

Uncinate processes

Answer 43

Elevated superolateral margin of body