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1
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column (5)

A 
muscle attachment 
mobility 
protection of spinal cord 
weight transfer 
haematopoesis
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2
Q

how many of each type of vertebra are there

A 
cervical = 7
thoracic = 12
lumbar = 5 
sacral = 5 fused 
coccyx = 3-5
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3
Q

what are the primary curvatures

A

kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

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4
Q

what are the secondary curvatures

A

lordosis

cervical and lumbar

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5
Q

how is the cervical secondary curvature formed

A

when the baba lifts its head

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6
Q

how is the lumbar secondary curvature formed

A

when the baba learns to walk

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7
Q

what are the main parts of the vertebra (6)

A 
body 
arches (made up of pedicles and laminae)
spinous process 
2x transverse processes 
4x articular processes (2x superior, 2x inferior)
vertebral notches
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8
Q

unique features of atlas (4)

A

no body or spinous process
anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle
large superior articular surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles
articular facet for dens on posterior surface of anterior arch

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9
Q

what is the function of the transverse ligament of atlas

A

holds the dens in place against its articular facet

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10
Q

unique features of axis (2)

A

dens/odontoid process projects upwards from body

flat superior articular facets to allow rotation of atlas

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11
Q

features of typical cervical vertebrae (4)

A

uncinate process on body
foramen transverarium
anterior and posterior tubercles with groove between on transverse process
bifid spinous process

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12
Q

what is the function of the foramen transversarium

A

allow passage of vertebral arteries

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13
Q

vertebral arteries are a branch of which artery

A

subclavian artery

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14
Q

what lies in the groove between the anterior and posterior tubercles on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

A

spinal nerve

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15
Q

what is the uncinate process

A

rim of bone around the vertebral body to increase stability

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16
Q

features of typical thoracic vertebrae (3)

A

costal facets for articulation with ribs
articular facets nearly vertical, directed posteriorly (superior facet) or anteriorly (inferior facet)
long sloping spinous process

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17
Q

features of typical lumbar vertebrae

A

massive kidney shaped body
accessory process on each transverse process
mammillary process on each superior articular process
articular facets directs posteromedially and anterolaterally

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18
Q

why does the orientation of the articular facets change

A

thoracic: vertical to allow for axial rotation and limit flexion/extension
lumbar: oblique to allow flexion/extension and limit rotation
cervical: quite flat to allow wide ROM

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19
Q

describe the sacrum

A

wedge-shaped
smooth anteriorly
ridges on posterior surface
auricular surface articulates with ilia

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20
Q

what are the ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum

A

median crest = fused spinous processes
intermediate crest = fused articular processes
lateral crest = fused transverse processes

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21
Q

what is the function of the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back

A

connect the appendicular skeleton to axial skeleton

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22
Q

what are the superficial extrinsic muscles oft he back

A 
trapezius 
latissimus dorsi 
rhomboid major 
rhomboid minor 
levator scapulae
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23
Q

attachments of trapezius

A

medial 1/3 superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T12
to lateral clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

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24
Q

innervation of trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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25
attachments of latissimus dorsi
spinous processes T7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower 3/4 ribs to edge of bicipital groove of humerus
26
innervation of latissimus dorsi
thoracodorsal nerve (C6-8)
27
attachments of rhomboid major
spinous processes T2-5 | to medial border of scapula (spine to inferior angle)
28
innervation of rhomboid major
dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
29
attachments of rhomboid minor
nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7/T1 | to medial need of scapular spine
30
innervation of rhomboid minor
dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
31
attachments of levator scapulae
posterior tubercles of transverse processes C1-4 | to medial border of scapula above spine
32
innervation of levator scapulae
cervical nerves C3-4 | dorsal scapular nerve (C4-5)
33
what is the function of the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back
superficial respiratory muscles
34
what are the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back
serratus posterior superior | serratus posterior inferior
35
what are the attachments of serratus posterior superior
nuchal ligament, spinous processes C7-T3 | to superior borders of ribs 2.4
36
innervation of serratus posterior superior
intercostal nerve 2-5
37
attachments of serratus posterior inferior
spinous processes T11-L2 | to inferior borders of ribs 8-12 near angle
38
innervation of serratus posterior inferior
anterior rami T9-12
39
what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the back
maintain posture and control movements of VC
40
how many layers are the intrinsic muscles of the back split into
superficial intermediate deep
41
where are the superficial intrinsic muscles found
in the neck only
42
what are the superficial intrinsic muscles of the back
splenius capitis | splenius cervicis
43
attachments of splenius capitis
nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T3/4 | to mastoid process and lateral 1/3 superior nuchal line
44
attachments of splenius cervicis
nuchal ligament and spinous processes C7-T3/4 | to tubercles of transverse processes C1-C3/4
45
what are the muscles of the intermediate intrinsic muscles of the back
erector spinae group iliocostalis longissimus spinalis
46
what is the common attachment of erector spinae muscles
posterior iliac crest, posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments, spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae, supraspinous ligament
47
what are the three parts of iliocostalis
lumborum, thoracic, cervicis
48
what are the attachments of iliocostalis
common attachment | to angles of lower ribs, cervical transverse processes
49
what are the three parts of longissimus
thoracis, cervicis, capitis
50
attachments of longissimus
common attachment | to ribs between tubercles and angles, thoracic and cervical transverse processes, mastoid process
51
what are the three parts of spinalis
thoracis, cervicis, capitis
52
attachments of spinalis
common attachment | to upper thoracic spinous processes, cranium
53
what are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back
``` semispinalis multifidus rotatores levator costarum interspinale intertransversari ```
54
parts of semispinalis
thoracis, cervicis, capitis
55
attachments of semispinalis
transverse processes C4-T12 | to occipital bone, thoracic and cervical spinous processes
56
where is multifidus most developed
lumbar region
57
attachments of multifidus
transverse processes to spinous processes 2-4 vertebrae above
58
where is rotatores most developed
thoracic region
59
attachments of rotatores
junction of lamina and transverse processes to spinous process 1/2 vertebrae above
60
where is levator costarum located
in the thoracic region (costarum = ribs)
61
what is the action of levator costarum
raise ribs slightly
62
attachments of levator costarum
transverse processes to upper border of rib above
63
attachments of interspinale
adjacent spinous processes
64
where is interspinale most pronounced
cervical and lumbar regions
65
attachments of intertransversari
adjacent transverse processes
66
where is intertransversari most pronounced
cervical and lumbar regions
67
ligaments of the VC
``` anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament ligamentum flavum supraspinous interspinous intertransverse nuchal ```
68
where does the anterior longitudinal ligament run
anterolateral aspect of vertebral bodies | from skull base to sacrum
69
how many layers is the anterior longitudinal ligament made up of and what are their attachments
3 layers deep fibres bind adjacent vertebrae together superficial fibres span multiple vertebrae together
70
what is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament
limits extension | only ligament to limit extension of the VC
71
where does the posterior longitudinal ligament run
within the vertebral canal on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies travels from C2 to sacrum
72
what does the posterior longitudinal ligament attach to
IV discs and margins of vertebral bodies
73
what lies between the posterior longitudinal ligament and the vertebral bodies
fat and vessels lie between ligament and vertebral bodies
74
what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament
support to posterior aspect of IV disc | prevents posterior herniation of disc
75
attachments of ligamenta flava
adjacent laminae
76
what type of fibres is the ligamenta flava made up of and why
strong elastic fibres | to help maintain curvatures of the VC
77
what are the functions of the ligamenta flava
helps to maintain curvatures reinforces posterior wall of vertebral canal limits flexion
78
what are the attachments of the interspinous ligaments
connects adjacent spinous processes along the length of the process
79
the interspinous ligament is strong/weak
weak | thin, membranous
80
attachments of supraspinous ligaments
connects tips of supraspinous ligaments
81
where does the supraspinous ligament start
C7
82
supraspinous ligament is strong/weak
strong | cord-like
83
attachment of inter transverse ligament
connect adjacent transverse processes
84
describe the inter transverse ligament in the different spinal regions
cervical: scattered fibres thoracic: fibrous lumbar: membranous
85
attachments of the nuchal ligament
external occipital protuberance, posterior border of foramen magnum, spinous processes C1-C7
86
what structure is the nuchal ligament continuous with posteriorly
supraspinous ligament
87
what is the function of the nuchal ligament
muscle attachment and limits flexion
88
where does the spinal cord end
L1/2
89
what is the end of the spinal cord called
medullary cone
90
where are the enlargement of the spinal cord located
``` cervical enlargement (C4-T1) lumbosacral enlargement (L1-S3) ```
91
what is the function of the spinal cord enlargements
innervation to limbs
92
what is the filum terminale
remnant of caudal part of spinal cord
93
what is the function of the filum terminale
anchors spinal cord to coccyx
94
what are the lateral extensions of dura mater called and what are their function
dural sheath | cover nerve roots
95
what is contained in the epidural space
internal vertebral venous plexuses | epidural fat
96
what is the enlargement of subarachnoid space around the conus medullar is called
lumbar cistern (L2-S2)
97
what are the denticulate ligaments formed from
extensions of Pia mater
98
where do the denticulate ligaments attach
run from either side of spinal cord between posterior and anterior nerve roots to dura
99
describe the main arterial supply of the spinal cord
1 anterior and 2 posterior vertebral arteries | run longitudinally from medulla oblongata to conus medullar is
100
arterial supply to nerve roots is by
radicular arteries
101
describe venous drainage of the spinal cord
3 anterior and 3 posterior spinal veins
102
where do the spinal veins drain
internal vertebral venous plexuses in the epidural space

Anatomy BMSc (9 decks)

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