Revision GA1 Flashcards
1
Q
articulations of first rib
3
A
single facet on head articulates with body of T1 vertebra
tubercle articulates with transverse process of T1
forms a synchondrosis with the manubrium of sternum
2
Q
describe the first rib
A
atypical til with short, flattened body
3
Q
atypical bony features on superior surface of first rib
A
two grooves where it is crossed by the subclavian vessels
4
Q
where is the scalene tubercle and what is its function
A
between subclavian grooves on superior surface of first rib
attachment of anterior scalene
5
Q
what is the pleura
A
serous membrane divided into visceral pleura (covers lungs) and parietal pleura (lines thoracic cavity)
6
Q
subdivisions of parietal pleura
A
diaphragmatic
cervical
costal
mediastinal
7
Q
at which point are the parietal and visceral pleura continuous
A
at the lung root
8
Q
what is the pulmonary ligament and what is its function
A
a sleeve of pleura hanging down below the lung root
allows expansion of pulmonary vessels
9
Q
what is the costodiaphragmatic recess
A
space where the parietal pleura hangs down below the level of the lungs between the ribs and diaphragm
10
Q
what is the venous drainage of the heart (generally)
A
cardiac veins to coronary sinus to right atrium
11
Q
what is the course of the great cardiac vein
A
runs with anterior inter ventricular artery
12
Q
what is the course of the small cardiac vein
A
runs with right marginal artery
13
Q
what is the course of the middle cardiac artery
A
runs with posterior interventricular artery
14
Q
which cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium
A
anterior cardiac veins draining the right atrium wall
15
Q
what is the oesophagus
A
fibromuscular tube that allows passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach
16
Q
at which vertebral level does the oesophagus begin
A
C6
17
Q
relations of the oesophagus in the superior mediastinum
A
lies anterior to vertebral bodies T1-T4
lies posterior to trachea
18
Q
in which division of the inferior mediastinum does the oesophagus lie
A
posterior mediastinum
19
Q
describe the course of the oesophagus in the posterior mediastinum in relation to the aorta
A
initially is medial (to the right) of the aorta
crosses anterior to the aorta before passing through the oesophageal hiatus
20
Q
at which level is the oesophageal hiatus
A
T10
21
Q
which structures are responsible for the three constrictions of the oesophagus
A
aorta
left bronchus
diaphragm
22
Q
what is the scrotum
A
out pouching of the layers of the abdominal wall
23
Q
what are the layers of the scrotal wall
A
superficial layer = colle fascia and dartos muscle
external fascia = external oblique
cremaster muscle = internal oblique
inter fascia = transversals fascia
24
Q
contents of scrotum
A
testes
epididymis
lower end of spermatic cord
25
lymph drainage of scrotum
superficial inguinal nodes
26
attachments of lesser omentum
liver and lesser curvature of stomach (and first part of duodenum)
27
what is the lesser omentum made of
double layer of peritoneum
28
which structures are contained in the free edge of lesser omentum
```
hepatic artery (left
bile duct (right)
portal vein (posterior)
```
29
the lesser omentum contributes to the boundaries of which structures
lesser sac
| omental foramen
30
what is the largest lymphoid organ in the body
spleen
31
where is the spleen
left hypochondrium deep to ribs 9-11
32
arterial supply of spleen
splenic artery
33
course of splenic artery
arises from coeliac axis
| runs along bod and tail of pancreas into lienorenal&spell ligament to hilum of spleen
34
venous drainage of spleen
splenic vein
35
course of splenic vein
from hilum
along posterior surface of pancreas
joins SMV to form portal vein
36
another name of parasympathetic nervous system
craniosacral outflow
37
parasympathetic outflow occurs in which nerves
CN III, VII, IX, X
| S2-S4
38
action of parasympathetic nervous system
'rest and digest'
decrease HR, respiration
increase gut motility
39
parasympathetic action of CN III
constriction of pupils and accommodation
40
parasympathetic action of CN VII
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal gland, palatine glands
41
parasympathetic action of CN IX
parotid gland
42
parasympathetic action of CN X
viscera of thorax and abdomen (up to midgut)
43
parasympathetic innervation to pelvic and hindgut organs
sacral outflow (S2-S4)
44
what structures do the margins of rectus abdominis contribute to
medial margins = linea alba
| lateral margins = linea semilunaris
45
blood supply to rectus abdominis
MAINLY inferior epigastric
| also superior epigastric
46
action of rec abd.
flexion of trunk
| support of abdominal wall
47
innervation of rec abd.
T7-12
48
what are ureters
smooth muscle tubes that transmit urine from the kidneys to the bladder
49
course of ureters
begin at renal pelvis
pass retroperitoneally over surface of psoas
cross bifurcation of common iliac artery
pass along lateral wall of pelvis to enter base of bladder at trigone
50
where are the three constrictions of ureter
junction with renal pelvis
crossing pelvic brim
entering bladder
51
blood supply of ureters
renal, gonadal and superior vesical arteries
| equivalent veins
52
which intercostals run inferomedially
external intercostals
53
action of intercostals
raise ribs on inspiration
54
what is the function of papillary muscles
prevent valve prolapse
| prevent back flow of blood to atria by keeping valve closed
55
which structures passes through space posterior to median arcuate ligament
aorta
azygous vein
thoracic duct
56
which structure opens into the 2nd part of duodenum
ampulla of vater/bile duct/pancreatic duct
57
which abdominal muscle has transverse fibres
transversus abdominis
58
lymph drainage of gall bladder
cystic/hepatic/coeliac/pre-aortic T12
59
what is found in dorsal root ganglion
sensory nerve cell bodies
60
which vessel supplies the right side of greater curvature
right gastroepiploic artery
| branch of gastroduodenal
61
gives anterior intercostal branches to intercostal spaces 7-9
```
musculophrenic artery
(branch of internal thoracic)
```
62
the tubercle of a typical rib articulates with...
transverse process of own vertebra
63
in the mid-clavicular line, the parietal pleura extends to level of...
rib 8
64
which structure forms the apex of the heart
left ventricle
65
which valve prevents backflow to right atrium
tricuspid valve
66
what is the third branch of the aortic arch
left subclavian
67
what is the most anterior structure at the lung root
pulmonary vei n
68
which structure crosses the diaphragm at T8
IVC
69
the superficial ring is formed from an opening of which structure
aponeurosis of external oblique
70
```
quadrates lumborum attaches to:
costal margin
T12 vertebral body
T11 vertebral body
12th rib
10th rib
```
12th rib
71
abdominal aorta bifurcates at...
L4
72
which artery is contained in the gastrosplenic ligament
short gastric artery
73
what are the nerve roots of the genitofemoral artery
L1, L2
74
numerous plicae circularis are a fear of which structure
jejunum
75
what is the most posterior structure at the renal hilum
ureter
76
what is the largest direct branch of the coeliac axis
splenic
77
pain from the stomach is referred where
stomach
78
which muscle can both raise and depress the ribs
internal intercostal
79
which muscle is innervated by medial and lateral pectoral nerves
pac major
80
which muscle lies immediately superficial to neuromuscular plane of thorax
internal intercostal
81
the internal thoracic vessels lie immediately anterior to this muscle
transversus thoracis
82
which structures prevent back flow of blood the ventricles
semilunar valves
| aortic and pulmonary valves
83
what is a feature unique to the right ventricle
moderator band
84
which feature separates the muscular and smooth parts of the wall of the right atrium
crista terminalis
85
the sinoatrial node is located in the upper portion of this structure
crista terminalis
86
what is the most anterior structure in the superior mediastinum
thymus
87
which structure crosses the diaphragm at T10
oesophagus
88
which part of the aorta is found in the middle mediastinum
ascending aorta
89
where does the azygos vein empty
SVC
90
the vagus nerve forms a plexus on the surface of which structure
oesophagus
91
attachments of rec abd
pubic bone, xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7
92
which structure forms the majority of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal
external oblique
93
innervation of iliac
femoral nerve
94
which abdominal muscle is not present in everyone
pyramidalis
95
the fascia over which muscle forms the lateral arcuate ligament
Quadratus lumborum
96
which artery forms a communication between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
marginal artery
97
the right gastroepiploic is a branch of which artery
gastroduodenal
98
the left colic is a branch of which artery
IMA
99
the left gastric is a branch of...
coeliac axis
100
supplies food to caecum
ileocolic
101
surface marking of gallbladder
right 9th costal cartilage
102
proximal attachment of greater omentum
greater curvature of stomach
103
junction of foregut and midgut
duodenum
104
site of portal-systemic anastomosis
rectum
105
what is the duodenum
C-shaped continuation of the gut tube from the pyloric valve to the jejunum
106
what is the first part of the duodenum
1st part is duodenal cap
| receives fluid from stomach
107
what is the 2nd part of the duodenum
descending part
108
which structures drain into 2nd part of duodenum
main pancreatic duct and bile duct
| opening at the hepatoduodenal ampulla (of Vater)
109
what is the 3rd part of the duodenum
transverse
| crosses the mesentery and superior mesenteric vessels
110
what is the 4th part of duodenum
ascending
| joins jejunum at root of mesentery
111
what is the arterial supply to the jejunum
```
superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (gastroduodenal)
inferior pancreaticoduodenal (SMA)
```
112
lymph drainage of pancreas
to pre-aortic nodes at T12 and L1
113
what is the inguinal canal
oblique passage through the anterior abdominal wall for structures to pass from the abdominal cavity to scrotum/labia major
114
where does the inguinal canal begin and end
begins at deep inguinal ring (defect in transversalis fascia)
ends at superficial inguinal ring (defect in external oblique aponeurosis)
115
anterior wall of inguinal canal
external oblique and internal oblique laterally
116
roof of inguinal canal
internal oblique and transverses abdominis
117
floor of inguinal canal
inguinal ligament
118
posterior wall of inguinal canal
trasversali fascia and conjoint tendon medially
119
what is the conjoint tendon
union of internal oblique ad transversalis fascia aponeurosis
120
contents of inguinal canal
```
spermatic cord (M)
round ligament (F)
ilioinguinal nerve
```
121
renal arteries arise at...
L1
122
gonadal arteries arise at...
L2
123
inferior phrenic a arises at...
T12
124
lumbar arteries arise at
L1-L5
125
attachments of Quadratus lumborum
iliac crest
| to 12th rib and L1-L4 transverse processes
126
action of quad lumb.
```
unilateral = lateral flexion
bilateral = assists in forced expiration and support of 12th rib
```
127
what is the sympathetic chain
a system of interconnected ganglia that lie either side of the VC
128
sympathetic outflow occurs at which spinal levels
T1-L1/2
129
which rami communicans are associated with inflow/outflow
```
inflow = grey
outflow = white
```
130
parts of the sternum
manubrium
body
xiphoid process
131
joints of sternum
```
manubriosternal joint (2ndry cartilaginous)
xiphisternal joint
```
132
features of manubrium of sternum
sternal notch in superior broder at midline
| clavicular notches each side
133
where are the costal notches
notch 1 = manubrium
notch 2 = sternal angle
notches 3-6 = margin of body
notch 7 = xiphisternal joint
134
where are the posterior and anterior intercostal arteries found
costal groove in intercostal space
135
where do the 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise
supreme intercostal artery
| branch of costocervical trunk of subclavian
136
where do posterior intercostals 2-11 arise
direct branches of descending aorta
137
where do anterior intercostal arteries 1-6 arise
internal thoracic artery
138
terminal branches of internal thoracic
musculoprenic and superior epigastric
139
where do anterior intercostal arteries 7-9 arise
musculophrenic artery
140
which chamber forms the base of the heart
left atrium
141
describe the internal surface of left atrium
mostly smooth walled
| muscular auricule anteriorly, with musculi pectinati
142
how do structures pass from thorax to abdomen
either through diaphragm or posterior to arcuate ligaments
143
level of caval opening
T8
144
contents of caval opening
IVC
145
level of oesophageal hiatus
T10
146
contents of oesophageal hiatus
oesophagus and vagal trunks
147
level of aortic hiatus
T12
148
what forms the aortic hiatus
space posterior to median arcuate ligament
149
where do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerve pass to reach abdomen
openings in the crura at T12
150
where do the least splanchnic and sympathetic chain enter abdomen
posterior to medial arcuate ligament at T12
151
parasympathetic innerve to proximal transverse colon
vagus nerve
152
function of gallbladder
store and concentrate bile
153
fibres direction of internal oblique
superomedial
154
head of rib 1 articulates with
body of T1 vertebra
155
what is the name of roughened area on the superior surface of rib 1
scalene tubercle
156
root values of phrenic nerve
C3,4,5
157
which structure runs alongside the right marginal artery
small cardiac vein
158
which artery passes through root of mesentery
SMA
159
what is the most posterior structure at the renal hilum
ureter
160
what is the root value of the Iliohypogastric nerve
L1
161
where is scarpa's fascia found
anterior abdominal wall between umbilicus and pubic bone
162
the descending colon is supplied by the
left colic artery
163
which liver lobes does the gall bladder lie between
right lobe
| quadrate lobe
164
the inferior mesenteric vein drains directly into which vein
splenic vein
165
which ribs are posterior to the left kidney
11 and 12
166
the funds of stomach is related to which dome of diaphrag m
left dome
167
which structure is a junction between the midgut and hindgut
transverse colon
168
which structure lies immediately superficial to neurovascular plane of thorax
internal intercostal
169
which structure allows expansion of the pulmonary vessels
pulmonary ligament
170
primary muscle of respiration
diaphragm
171
lymphatic drainage of lungs is to
hilar nodes
172
what initiates the heart beat
SA node
173
which artery supplies the posterior 2/3 of inter ventricular septum
posterior interventricular artery
174
the thymus can be found in which areas of the mediastinum
superior and anterior
175
what is the first branch of the aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
176
the carina is a which vertebral level
T4/5
177
which muscle lies inferior to medial arcuate ligament
psoas
178
external oblique contributes to which aspect of the rectus sheath
external oblique
179
which abdominal muscle attaches to ribs 5-7, pubic tubercle and xipohoid process
rectus abdominis
180
what lies posterior to rectus abdomens after the arcuate line
tranvsersalis fascia
181
which muscle's only action is to tense lineament alba
pyramidalis
182
which artery passes in lienorenal ligament
splenic artery
183
left gastric is a direct branch of
coeliac axis
184
superior pancreaticodudoenal is a branch of
gastroduodenal
185
which artery passes under neck of pancreas
SMA
186
the gastro-epiploic arteries supply which structure
greater curvature of stomach
187
lymph from stomach -->
pre-aortic T12
188
lymph from sigmoid colon -->
pre-aortic L3
189
what colour is the lymph on the intestinal trunk
milky-white
190
lymph from superficial layers of anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus -->
superficial inguinal nodes
191
primary action is to raise ribs on inspiration
external intercostal
192
receives motor innervation form logn thoracic nerve
serratus anterior
193
fibres radiate from lateral borders of sternum
transversus thoracis
194
innervated by medial pectoral nerve only
pec minor
195
can both raise and depress the ribs
internal intercostals
196
what is located in the upper portion of crista terminalis
SA node
197
moderator band is unique to...
right ventricle
198
what are the muscle ridges in the ventricles called
trabeculae carneae
199
the origin of the coronary arteries is closely associated with which structure
aortic valve
200
what attaches to margins of cuspid valves
chordae tendineae
201
the thoracic aorta is located in which part of mediastinum
posterior only
202
the azygos vein drains into...
SVC
203
the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with which vessel
arch of aorta
204
which structure lies immediately posterior to trachea
oesophagus
205
the SVC is found in which areas of mediastinum
superior and middle
206
what is the superficial inguinal ring
triangular opening in aponeurosis of external oblique situated close to pubic bone
207
which branch of genitofemrial nerve can be found in superficial inguinal ring
genital branch
208
describe movements to increase AP dimensions of thorax in inspiration
ribs 1-6 and sternum move anterior and superiorly
| pump handle movement
209
describe movements to increase lateral dimensions of thorax in inspiration
ribs 7-12 move laterally
| bucket handle movement
210
describe movements to increase vertical dimensions of thorax in inspiration
contraction and descent of diaphragm
211
how does blood enter left atrium
via 4 pulmonary veins
| oxygenated blood
212
how does blood leave left atrium
via left atrioventricular canal
| mitral valve prevent reflux of blood
213
borders of posterior mediastinum
transverse thoracic plane (T4/5)
diaphragm
pericardium
bodies of T5-12
214
contents of posterior mediastinum
oesophagus
throacic aorta
lymphatic duct
azygos/hemiazygos vein
215
protraction of scapula =
anterior movement around the body wall
216
membranous fascia of anterior abdominal wall below the umbilicus
scarpa's fascia
217
lymph from the superficial anterior abdominal wall above the umbilicus drains to
axillary nodes
218
the ventral ramus supplies innervation to which structures
anterior and lateral body walls
| limbs
219
a movement possible at shoulder but not at wrist =
rotation
220
the anatomical term for the space posterior to the stomach
lesser sac
221
gives anterior intercostal branches to intercostal spaces 7-9
musculophrenic artery
222
the costal cartilage of which rib articulates with the sternal angle
rib 2
223
in the mid-axillary line the parietal pleura extends to the level of which rib
rib 10
224
surface marker for T10 dermatome
umbilicus
225
deep inguinal ring forms an oval opening in this structure
transversals fascia
226
separates the middle and lower lobes of the right lung
oblique fissure
227
region analogous to the middle lobe of the right lung
lingula
228
region where the parietal and visceral pleura are continuous
hilum
229
the transverse fissure is unique to which lung
right lung
230
passes through an opening in the central tendon of diaphragm
oesophagus
