back and craniovertebral

Question 1

what are the 2 different types of back muscles and define them

Answer 1

extrinsic muscles work on parts of the body other than where they originate, and intrinsic work on the back and originate in the back

Question 2

what are the three types of intrinsic back muscles

Answer 2

superficial, intermediate, and deep (has 2 subsections)

Question 3

what are the 4 superficial intrinsic back muscles

Answer 3

the serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior, splenius capitus and splenius cervicis

Question 4

what is the erector spinae group and name them

Answer 4

they are intermediate intrinsic muscles (ILS) from lateral to medial they are Iliocostalis, Longissimus and Spinalis

Question 5

what are the 2 subsections of deep intrinsic back muscles

Answer 5

transversospinal and deep segmental

Question 6

what are the transversospinal muscles

Answer 6

rotatores, multifidus, and semispinalis

Question 7

what are the deep segmental muscles

Answer 7

interspinales, intertransversarii, and levatores costrum

Question 8

what are the primary factors that affect degree of movement

Answer 8

articulation of bones, ligaments, and muscle tone

Question 9

what are the secondary factors that affect degree of movement

Answer 9

skin, fascia, bursae and synovial sheaths (tendons)

Question 10

what are the classification of joints

Answer 10

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

Question 11

what are the types of fibrous joints

Answer 11

suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis

Question 12

what are the types of cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

primary (end of long bones and while growing) and secondary (pubic symphysis and spinal discs)

Question 13

what are the types of synovial joints

Answer 13

plane, hinge, pivot, ball and socket

Question 14

what are the distinguishing favtors of synovial joints

Answer 14

they have a joint cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane (capsule), fibrous capsule

Question 15

what is the function of the vertebral column

Answer 15

support, attach appendicular skeleton, protect spinal cord, balance stability and mobility

Question 16

what are the regions of the spine and how many of each

Answer 16

cervical (7) thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) sacral (5 ish fused) and coccyx (4 segments)

Question 17

what are the primary curves of the spine

Answer 17

thoracic and sacral

Question 18

what are the secondary curves of the spine

Answer 18

cervical and lumbar

Question 19

what is it called when the spine is curved excessively dorsally

Answer 19

Kyphosis

Question 20

what is it called when the spine is curved excessively ventrally

Answer 20

Lordosis

Question 21

what is a characteristic of the cervical vertebrae

Answer 21

they have transverse foramen for vertebral arteries

Question 22

what is a characteristic of the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 22

the body is more heart shaped and they have a costal facet of the transverse process and superior and inferior costal facets of the vertebral body

Question 23

what is a characteristic of the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 23

the spinous process is more “stubby” and has a larger body

Question 24

what is the ALL and where is it

Answer 24

the anterior longitudinal ligament and it is on the anterior side of the vertebral body (wide)

Question 25

what is the PLL and where is it

Answer 25

the posterior longitudinal ligament and is on the posterior side of the vertebral body (narrow)

Question 26

what are the parts of the intervertebral disc

Answer 26

anulus fibrous and nucleus pulposus

Question 27

what happens with a bulging disc

Answer 27

the nucleus pulposus pushes through the rings of the fibrosus

Question 28

what is a facet joint

Answer 28

the articulation between the superior and interior facets of adjacent vertebrae, plane joint, synovial

Question 29

how are cervical facets aligned and what motion do they do

Answer 29

45 degrees from horizontal and do flexion, lateral flexion and rotation

Question 30

how are thoracic facets aligned and what motion do they do

Answer 30

vertical on the frontal plane, lateral flextion and rotation

Question 31

how are lumbar facets aligned and what motion do they do

Answer 31

vertical on the sagittal plane, flexion only

Question 32

where is the ligamentum flava

Answer 32

on the posterior vertebral foramen (along posterior arch)

Question 33

where are the interspinous ligaments

Answer 33

in between each spinous process (limit too much flexion)

Question 34

where are the intertransverse ligaments

Answer 34

in between each transverse process (limit too much rotation)

Question 35

where is the supraspinous ligament

Answer 35

continuous along the top of all the spinous processes

Question 36

where is the nuchal ligament

Answer 36

it is a continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical spine

Question 37

what is a costovertebral joint

Answer 37

it is the articulation between the head of the rib and a facet on the vertebral body

Question 38

what is a costotransverse joint

Answer 38

it is the articulation between the neck of the rib and the ttransverse process of a vertebrae

Question 39

where do spinal nerves exit from the vertebral column

Answer 39

in the cervical spine the nerves exit above the vertebrae until nerve c8 then all the nerves are below the vertebrae

Question 40

what embryonic structure forms spinal nerves and what are they made of

Answer 40

ectoderm and it connects the spinal cord to the somites

Question 41

what are somites and what are they made of

Answer 41

somites form skeleton, muscles, and skin and are made of mesoderm

Question 42

what embryonic structure forms the central nervous system

Answer 42

ectoderm

Question 43

where does the spinal cord end and what does it become

Answer 43

ends between T12 and L2 and becomes the cauda equina

Question 44

how long is the spinal cord in an embryo

Answer 44

the same length as the vertebral canal

Question 45

how long is the spinal cord in the fetus

Answer 45

it starts to be shorter than the vertebral column because it grows faster than the cord itself

Question 46

how long is the spinal cord at birth

Answer 46

the tip of the conus medularis is at L4-L5

Question 47

what are the layers of meninges in order from superficial to deep

Answer 47

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 48

which meninge layer is is the thickest

Answer 48

dura mater

Question 49

what forms spinal nerve and what kind of fiber is it

Answer 49

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots (dorsal has a ganglion) and they are mixed sensory and motor (affarent and efferent)

Question 50

what forms the anterior and posterior roots

Answer 50

rootlets that attach to the spinal cord

Question 51

what kind of fibers are in the ventral root and where do they come from

Answer 51

motor/ efferent fibers come from the cell bodies in the antieror horn of spinal cord gray matter

Question 52

what kind of fibers are in the dorsal root and where do they come from

Answer 52

sensory/ affarent fibers come from cell bodies in sensory or dorsal root ganglion (extend to posterior horn gray matter)

Question 53

what does the spinal nerve divide into

Answer 53

the posterior (dorsal) ramus and anterior (ventral) ramus

Question 54

what does the dorsal ramus do

Answer 54

nerves to synovial joints of vertebral column, deep muscles of the back and skin

Question 55

what does the ventral ramus d

Answer 55

anterior and lateral regions of the trunk and upper and lower limbs (forms plexuses except thoracic)

Question 56

what are the nerves of the craniovertebral region and what do they innervate

Answer 56

suboccipital (c1) greater occipital (c2) and 3rd occipital (c3) which innervated intrinsic nuchal muscles and associated dermatome (except c1 no dermatome)

Question 57

where does the suboccipital nerve exit

Answer 57

above c1 in the atlanto-occipital joint

Question 58

what is a dermatome

Answer 58

an area of the skin innervated by a sensory nerve of a specific segment of spinal nerve

Question 59

what is a myotome

Answer 59

a region of muscle mass (many muscles can be included) innervated by fibers from a specific segment of spinal nerve

Question 60

what is unique about c1 and what is it called

Answer 60

its called the atlas and it does not have a body or a spinous process it has an anterior and posterior tubericle and articulates with the occiput

Question 61

what is unique about c2 and what is it called

Answer 61

it is called the axis and has a dens which has an anterior articular facet to articulate with c1

Question 62

what is the relationship of the semispinalis capitius to the splenius capitus

Answer 62

the semispinalis is deep to the splenius and runs more vertical where splenius runs as a V

Question 63

what are the intrinsic deep segmental suboccipital muscles

Answer 63

rectus capitus posterior minor and major and obliquus capitus superior and inferior

Question 64

what are the muscles of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 64

rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior and obliquus capitis inferior

Question 65

what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 65

the facia under the semispinalis capitis

Question 66

what is the floor of the suboccipital triangle

Answer 66

the antlanto-occipital membrane and the posterior arch of the atlas

Question 67

what exits out of (pokes through) the suboccipital triangle

Answer 67

the suboccipital nerve (c1) and the vertebral artery (on its way to foramen magnum)