Back and Spinal Cord

Question 1

trapezius muscle location

Answer 1

Question 2

attachments of trapezius muscle

Question 3

Actions of trapezius muscle

Question 4

anatomical relationships of trapezius muscle

Question 5

latissimus dorsi location

Answer 5

Question 6

attachments of latissimus dorsi

Question 7

functions of latissimus dorsi

Question 8

innervation of latissimus dorsi

Question 9

blood supply of latissimus dorsi

Question 10

anatomical relationships of latissimus dorsi

Question 11

clinical considerations of latissimus dorsi

Question 12

triangle of auscultation

Answer 12

Question 13

clinical significance of triangle of auscultation

Answer 13

The triangle of auscultation is a region of the posterior thorax devoid of superficial back muscles, which allows for optimal auscultating lung sounds.

Question 14

inferior lumbar triangle

Answer 14

Question 15

clinical significance of inferior lumbar triangle

Answer 15

The inferior lumbar triangle is a region of the lower back devoid of superficial back muscles, which is mildly susceptible to herniation (protrusion of tissue or organs).

Question 16

borders of inferior lumbar triangle

Answer 16

Laterally: External oblique m.,

Medially: Latissimus dorsi m., &

Inferiorly: Iliac crest.

Question 17

vertebral details

Answer 17

Question 18

components of vertebral arch

Answer 18

• laminae
• pedicles

Question 19

intervertebral foramen

Answer 19

The space between the superior articular process and the body is the superior vertebral notch, whereas the space between the inferior articular process and the body is the inferior vertebral notch. A pair of superior and inferior vertebral notches together form an intervertebral foramen, which is a lateral opening from the vertebral canal through which a spinal nerve is transmitted.

Question 20

vertebral foramen

Answer 20

Question 21

C1 (Atlas)

Answer 21

• The first cervical vertebrae, C1 (Atlas), forms that atlanto-occipital joint with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull. The atlas is unique among vertebrae in that it lacks a body.

Question 22

C2 (Axis)

Answer 22

The second cervical vertebra, C2 (Axis), forms the atlanto-axial joint with C1. The dens is unique to the axis, and provides a pivot, about which the atlas may partially rotate.

Question 23

sacrum

Answer 23

In adults, the sacrum is composed of five fused vertebrae (S1-S5) of decreasing size. This bone articulates with the hip (coxal) bones at the sacro-iliac (S1) joints (laterally), the 5th lumbar vertebra (superiorly), and the coccyx (inferiorly)

Question 24

coccyx

Answer 24

In adults, the coccyx is composed of four, fused, and rudimentary vertebrae (Co1-Co4) of decreasing size. This bone is colloquially referred to as the tailbone.

Question 25

spine overview

Answer 25

The spine (aka vertebral column) consists of thirty-three vertebrae that span the distance between the occipital bone of the skull ending distally with the coccyx. The spine has five regions, each comprised of a distinct type of vertebrae, some with interleaving intervertebral discs (joints).

Question 26

atlanto-occipital joint

Answer 26

Question 27

atlanto-axial joints

Answer 27