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Anatomy > Back and upper Limb 1 > Flashcards

Back and upper Limb 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a joint?

A

Place where 2 or more bones make contact

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2
Q

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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3
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue (e.g. sutures)

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4
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Bones joined by cartilage (e.g. intervertebral discs)

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5
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Bones not directly joined, allowing movement limited by the shape of the joint

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6
Q

Give an example of a synovial joint.

A

Shoulder joint

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7
Q

What is the role of ligaments in joints?

A

Connect bones to other bones and provide stability

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8
Q

What is the function of the fibrous capsule in a synovial joint?

A

Encloses the joint and provides stability

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9
Q

What is contained within the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial fluid

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10
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Covers the surfaces of bones in a joint to reduce friction

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11
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A crescent-shaped cartilage that provides cushioning in a joint

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12
Q

True or False: Synovial joints allow for a wide range of movement.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint

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14
Q

What are intervertebral discs an example of?

A

Cartilaginous joints

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15
Q

What are synovial joints also known as?

A

True joints

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16
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

Covers the articular surfaces

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17
Q

What fills the articular space in synovial joints?

A

Synovial fluid

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18
Q

What lines the articular capsule in synovial joints?

A

Synovial membrane

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19
Q

What structures strengthen the articular capsule?

A

Ligaments

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20
Q

What is the role of muscle layers in synovial joints?

A

Increase stability

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21
Q

Name additional devices found in synovial joints.

A
  • Bursae
  • Menisci
  • Labrum
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22
Q

What are continuous joints characterized by?

A

Bone ends linked by fibrous or cartilaginous tissue

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23
Q

What is the origin in muscle anatomy?

A

Proximal attachment of a muscle

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24
Q

What is the insertion in muscle anatomy?

A

Distal attachment of a muscle

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25
How much can muscles contract?
About 30% of their length
26
What does the range of movement in muscles depend on?
Fibre length
27
True or False: Muscles can contract by more than 30% of their length.
False
28
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the proximal attachment of a muscle.
[origin]
29
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the distal attachment of a muscle.
[insertion]
30
What has the upper limb sacrificed for mobility?
Stability ## Footnote The design of the upper limb prioritizes mobility over stability.
31
How much larger is the humeral head compared to the glenoid?
Approximately 4 times larger ## Footnote This size difference makes the humeral head susceptible to dislocation.
32
What are the primary movements of the upper limb?
* Flexion/Extension * Abduction/Adduction * Protraction/Retraction (scapula) * Elevation/Depression * Medial/Lateral Rotation * Circumduction ## Footnote These movements allow a wide range of motion for the upper limb.
33
What type of muscles are responsible for grip in the forearm?
Extrinsic hand muscles ## Footnote These muscles originate in the forearm and control hand movements.
34
What type of muscles in the hand are responsible for precision movements?
Intrinsic hand muscles ## Footnote These muscles are located within the hand itself and facilitate fine motor skills.
35
Fill in the blank: The upper limb has sacrificed _______ for mobility.
Stability ## Footnote This trade-off enables a greater range of motion.
36
What muscle is located at the upper back and is responsible for moving the shoulder blades?
Trapezius ## Footnote The trapezius muscle is crucial for various shoulder movements.
37
Which muscle is known for its role in extending, adducting, and rotating the arm?
Latissimus Dorsi ## Footnote This muscle is often referred to as the 'lats.'
38
The _______ is a muscle that helps in the adduction of the arm and is located below the shoulder joint.
Teres Major
39
What muscles are responsible for retracting the scapula?
Rhomboids ## Footnote The rhomboids include the rhomboid major and minor.
40
Which muscle elevates the scapula?
Levator Scapulae ## Footnote This muscle plays a role in neck movement as well.
41
Name the muscles that are involved in the movement of the ribs during respiration.
Serratus posterior superior & inferior ## Footnote These muscles assist in the mechanics of breathing.
42
What is the primary function of the Erector spinae group of muscles?
Spinal extension and lateral flexion ## Footnote The Erector spinae is essential for maintaining posture.
43
What view of the body is primarily used to study the muscles listed? Trapezius Latissimus Dorsi Teres Major Rhomboids Levator Scapulae Serratus posterior sup & inf Erector spinae
Posterior view ## Footnote This view is important for analyzing back muscles.
44
Identify the labelled parts (1,2,3)
1. Trapezius 2. Latissimus Dorsi 3. Teres Major
45
What is the primary action of the trapezius muscle?
The trapezius muscle is involved in the movement of the shoulder blade and neck.
46
List the three parts of the trapezius and their respective actions.
* Descending: Elevates the scapula * Horizontal: Retracts the scapula * Ascending: Depresses the scapula
47
Where does the trapezius muscle attach superiorly?
Superior nuchal line
48
What vertebrae does the trapezius muscle span?
Vertebrae C1-T12
49
What are the attachments of the trapezius muscle?
* Superior nuchal line * Vertebrae C1-T12 Spinous processes * Descending: Lateral third of clavicle * Horizontal: Acromion process of the scapula * Ascending: Scapular spine
50
True or False: The trapezius muscle has attachments to the spinous processes of vertebrae.
True
51
Fill in the blank: The trapezius muscle has an attachment at the _______.
scapular spine
52
What muscle is located inferiorly to the trapezius?
Latissimus dorsi
53
Which muscles are referred to as rhomboids?
* Rhomboid major * Rhomboid minor
54
What is the function of the teres major muscle?
The teres major assists in shoulder adduction and medial rotation.
55
Identify the labelled parts (1-5)
1 Superior nuchal line 2 Vertebrae C1-T12 Spinous processes 3 Descending: lateral third of clavicle 4 Horizontal: Acromion process of the scapula 5 Ascending: scapular spine
56
What is the action of the descending trapezius on the shoulder girdle?
Keeps shoulder girdle up and tilts the scapula for arm elevation ## Footnote This action is important in arm circumduction and works with the serratus anterior.
57
What are the actions of the horizontal and ascending trapezius on the scapula?
Depress and pull scapula medially
58
What is the action of the descending trapezius on the head and neck with a fixed shoulder?
Contralateral rotation or extension (bilateral action)
59
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the nerve supply to the trapezius?
Cranial nerve XI Accessory
60
What is the role of the serratus anterior in relation to the trapezius during arm elevation?
Works with the descending trapezius to tilt the scapula for arm elevation
61
True or False: The trapezius can perform bilateral extension of the head and neck.
True
62
What is the primary action of the latissimus dorsi on the arm?
Adduction, internal (medial) rotation, extension
63
What action does the latissimus dorsi perform on the trunk?
Elevation (with arms fixed on a bar)
64
What is the nerve supply for the latissimus dorsi?
Thoraco-dorsal nerve from brachial plexus
65
Which muscle is associated with arm flexion/extension?
Pectoralis major
66
Fill in the blank: The _____ major is involved in arm flexion/extension.
Pectoralis
67
True or False: The rhomboid major and minor are part of the back muscles.
True
68
What are the two muscles mentioned that are involved in the action on the arm?
* Latissimus dorsi * Pectoralis major
69
What type of rotation does the latissimus dorsi perform on the arm?
Internal (medial) rotation
70
Identify the labelled parts (1-6):
71
Identify the labelled parts (1-6):
72
Identify the labelled parts (1-4):
73
What is the action of the teres major on the arm?
Adduction, internal (medial) rotation, extension
74
What is the nerve supply of the teres major?
Thoraco-dorsal nerve from brachial plexus
75
What is the primary action of the rhomboid major and minor muscles?
Retract scapula, rotate glenoid inferiorly ## Footnote The rhomboids also help in fixing the scapula to the trunk.
76
What condition may arise from failure in the action of the rhomboid muscles?
Wing scapula ## Footnote This condition occurs when the scapula protrudes outwards due to weakness in the muscles that stabilize it.
77
Which nerve supplies the rhomboid muscles?
Dorsal scapular nerve ## Footnote This nerve originates from the brachial plexus.
78
Fill in the blank: The rhomboid major and minor muscles are responsible for _______ of the scapula.
retraction
79
True or False: The rhomboid muscles assist in fixing the scapula to the trunk.
True ## Footnote They work together with the serratus anterior muscle.
80
What is the role of the rhomboid muscles in relation to the shoulder girdle?
Fix scapula to trunk ## Footnote This function is vital for stabilizing shoulder movements.
81
Identify the labelled parts (1-7):
82
What are the attachments of the levator scapulae muscle?
1. Vertebrae C1-C4 transverse processes 2. Scapula: superior angle
83
What is the action of the levator scapulae on the shoulder girdle?
Elevates scapula and rotates glenoid inferiorly
84
What is the action of the levator scapulae on the vertebral column?
With fixed shoulder girdle, it extends the neck
85
What is the nerve supply for the levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve from brachial plexus
86
Identify the labelled parts (1-6):
87
Identify the 2 labelled parts:
88
What is the function of the serratus posterior superior muscle?
Connects the spine to the ribs ## Footnote This muscle is located underneath the rhomboids.
89
Where is the serratus posterior inferior muscle located?
Underneath the latissimus dorsi ## Footnote This muscle also connects the spine to the ribs.
90
Fill in the blank: The serratus posterior superior muscle is located underneath _______.
rhomboids
91
Fill in the blank: The serratus posterior inferior muscle is located underneath _______.
latissimus dorsi
92
What are the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?
A group of muscles that connect the axial skeleton to the upper appendicular skeleton
93
Name the major muscles included in the anterior axio-appendicular group.
* Pectoralis major * Pectoralis minor * Subclavius * Serratus anterior
94
What is the primary function of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?
To connect the trunk and spine to the shoulder girdle and upper limbs
95
Fill in the blank: The anterior axio-appendicular muscles connect the _______ to the upper appendicular skeleton.
axial skeleton
96
True or False: The anterior axio-appendicular muscles are only involved in movements of the lower limbs.
False
97
What are the two main types of muscle attachments in the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?
* Origin * Insertion
98
What view is commonly used to study the attachments of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles?
Anterior view
99
In which anatomical view can the right antero-lateral aspect of the anterior axio-appendicular muscles be observed?
Right antero-lateral view
100
What muscle is primarily responsible for arm flexion?
Pectoralis major ## Footnote The pectoralis major is a large muscle in the chest that plays a key role in flexing the arm.
101
What muscle is primarily responsible for arm extension?
Latissimus dorsi ## Footnote The latissimus dorsi is a broad muscle on the back that facilitates the extension of the arm.
102
Which muscle also contributes to arm extension alongside the latissimus dorsi?
Teres major ## Footnote The teres major is a smaller muscle located beneath the shoulder that assists in extending the arm.
103
What common function do the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major share?
Medial rotation ## Footnote All three muscles are involved in the medial rotation of the arm.
104
Identify the labelled parts (1-3):
1 Clavicular: medial half of clavicle 2 Sterno-costal: sternum + costal cartilages 1-7, rectus sheath 3 Humerus: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus
105
What are the attachments of the pectoralis major?
1. Clavicular: medial half of clavicle 2. Sterno-costal: sternum + costal cartilages 1-7, rectus sheath 3. Humerus: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus ## Footnote The pectoralis major has distinct attachment points that contribute to its function.
106
What is the action of the pectoralis major on the arm?
Adduction, internal rotation ## Footnote These actions are critical for movements like bringing the arm closer to the body.
107
What is the action of the pectoralis major on the thoracic cage?
With fixed shoulder girdle it elevates the ribcage → inspiration ## Footnote This action is important for respiratory mechanics.
108
What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis major?
Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus ## Footnote The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that sends signals to the shoulder, arm, and hand.
109
Identify the 3 labelled parts:
110
What is the action of the pectoralis minor on the shoulder girdle?
Depression, it pulls the scapula anteriorly ## Footnote The pectoralis minor plays a significant role in stabilizing the scapula.
111
What is the action of the pectoralis minor on the thorax?
Elevation → inspiration ## Footnote This action assists in the process of breathing.
112
What is the nerve supply for the pectoralis minor?
Pectoral nerves from brachial plexus ## Footnote The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the arm and shoulder.
113
What muscles are involved in arm flexion and extension?
Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor ## Footnote These muscles are essential for movements of the arm.
114
Fill in the blank: The _______ elevates the scapula.
Levator scapulae ## Footnote The levator scapulae is responsible for lifting the shoulder blade.
115
True or False: Pectoralis minor is involved in arm extension.
False ## Footnote Pectoralis minor primarily functions in shoulder girdle movements and does not extend the arm.
116
What is the action of the serratus anterior on the shoulder girdle?
Keeps scapula close to thoracic cage ## Footnote This action is supported by the rhomboids.
117
What occurs if there is a failure in the action of the serratus anterior on the shoulder girdle?
Winged scapula
118
What is the action of the serratus anterior on the thorax?
With fixed scapula elevates the thoracic cage → inspiration
119
What is the nerve supply to the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve from brachial plexus
120
True or False: The serratus anterior is responsible for keeping the scapula away from the thoracic cage.
False, the serratus anterior is responsible for keeping the scapula CLOSE from the thoracic cage.
121
Fill in the blank: The serratus anterior helps to elevate the _______ during inspiration.
thoracic cage
122
What is the function of the Supraspinatus muscle?
Abduction
123
Which muscles are responsible for lateral rotation of the shoulder?
Infraspinatus and Teres minor ## Footnote These muscles assist in the lateral rotation of the humerus at the shoulder joint.
124
What is the role of the Subscapularis muscle?
Medial rotation ## Footnote The Subscapularis is a key muscle in the medial rotation of the shoulder joint.
125
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
A group of four muscles that stabilize and move the shoulder joint.
126
Name the four rotator cuff muscles.
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis.
127
True or False: The rotator cuff muscles are responsible for shoulder stability.
True.
128
Which rotator cuff muscle is primarily responsible for arm abduction?
Supraspinatus.
129
Fill in the blank: The _____ muscle helps in lateral rotation of the arm.
Infraspinatus.
130
What is the primary function of the Subscapularis muscle?
Medial rotation of the arm.
131
Which rotator cuff muscle is the smallest?
Teres Minor.
132
Multiple choice: Which muscle is NOT part of the rotator cuff? A) Supraspinatus B) Deltoid C) Infraspinatus
B) Deltoid.
133
True or False: The rotator cuff muscles originate from the scapula.
True.
134
What common injury affects the rotator cuff?
Rotator cuff tear.
135
What is the role of the rotator cuff in shoulder mobility?
It allows for a wide range of motion while maintaining joint stability.
136
Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle assists in external rotation? A) Supraspinatus B) Infraspinatus C) Subscapularis
B) Infraspinatus.
137
What is the primary nerve supply for the rotator cuff muscles?
The suprascapular nerve and the upper and lower subscapular nerves.
138
What anatomical structure do the rotator cuff muscles form around?
The humeral head.
139
Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle is located on the anterior aspect of the shoulder? A) Teres Minor B) Subscapularis C) Infraspinatus
B) Subscapularis.
140
True or False: The rotator cuff is composed only of muscles.
False. It also includes tendons.
141
Multiple choice: Which rotator cuff muscle is involved in both internal and external rotation? A) Supraspinatus B) Subscapularis C) Infraspinatus
C) Infraspinatus.
142
What is the significance of the rotator cuff in shoulder dislocations?
It helps to stabilize the shoulder joint and prevent dislocations.
143
What is the function of supraspinatus?
Supraspinatus (initial abduction ~15 degrees)
144
What is the primary muscle responsible for starting abduction of the arm?
Supraspinatus ## Footnote The supraspinatus is one of the rotator cuff muscles and initiates the first 15 degrees of arm abduction.
145
Which part of the deltoid muscle is responsible for the middle phase of arm abduction?
Middle part of deltoid ## Footnote The middle part of the deltoid muscle is primarily responsible for the abduction of the arm from 15 to 90 degrees.
146
What structure does the clavicular part of the deltoid muscle originate from?
Clavicle ## Footnote The clavicular part of the deltoid attaches to the lateral third of the clavicle.
147
What is the origin of the spinal (posterior) part of the deltoid muscle?
Spine of scapula ## Footnote The spinal part of the deltoid originates from the spine of the scapula.
148
Which muscle completes the arm abduction?
Deltoid ## Footnote The deltoid muscle is responsible for completing the abduction of the arm after the initial movement by the supraspinatus.
149
Which nerve supplies the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve ## Footnote The axillary nerve arises from the brachial plexus and innervates the deltoid muscle.
150
Fill in the blank: The _______ part of the deltoid muscle is located anteriorly.
Clavicular ## Footnote The clavicular part of the deltoid is located at the front of the shoulder.
151
What is the insertion point of the deltoid muscle?
Deltoid tuberosity (of humerus) ## Footnote The deltoid tuberosity is a raised area on the lateral side of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches.
152
True or False: The acromion is involved in the origin of the deltoid muscle.
True ## Footnote The acromion serves as one of the attachment points for the deltoid muscle.
153
Identify the labelled parts:
154
What muscles are included in the anterior compartment of the arm?
Biceps, Brachialis, Coracobrachialis ## Footnote These muscles are responsible for the flexion of the shoulder and elbow.
155
What is the primary action of the anterior compartment of the arm?
Flexion of shoulder and elbow ## Footnote This action is facilitated by the muscles within this compartment.
156
Which nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve ## Footnote This nerve is crucial for the motor function of the muscles in this compartment.
157
What is the blood supply for the anterior compartment of the arm?
Brachial artery ## Footnote The brachial artery provides the necessary blood flow to the muscles in this area.
158
What are the two compartments of the arm discussed?
Anterior compartment, Posterior compartment ## Footnote The anterior compartment contains flexor muscles, while the posterior compartment contains extensor muscles.
159
Fill in the blank: The anterior compartment of the arm is supplied by the _______.
Musculocutaneous nerve
160
True or False: The posterior compartment of the arm contains the Biceps muscle.
False ## Footnote The Biceps is located in the anterior compartment.
161
What is the action associated with the posterior compartment of the arm?
Extension of the shoulder and elbow ## Footnote This compartment primarily contains muscles that extend the arm.
162
Identify the labelled parts:
163
Identify the labelled parts:
164
Identify the label parts:
165
What is the muscle located in the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps
166
What action is performed by the triceps muscle?
Extension of shoulder and elbow
167
Which nerve supplies the triceps muscle?
Radial nerve
168
What is the blood supply for the triceps muscle?
Profunda brachii artery
169
Identify the labelled parts:
170
Identify the labelled parts:
171
What are the three layers of muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Superficial, Intermediate, Deep
172
What is the primary action of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Flexion of wrist and digits, Pronation
173
Which nerves supply the anterior compartment of the forearm?
Median nerve, Ulnar nerve
174
Which muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve in the anterior compartment of the forearm?
FCU and medial 1/2 of FDP
175
Fill in the blank: The anterior compartment of the forearm is primarily responsible for _______.
Flexion of wrist and digits
176
True or False: The median nerve innervates all muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm.
False
177
Identify the labelled part:
178
Identify the labelled part:
179
Identify the labelled parts:
180
What is the primary action of the forearm muscles in the posterior compartment?
Extension of wrist and digits ## Footnote This includes the movement of the wrist and fingers to a straightened position.
181
Which nerve supplies the posterior compartment of forearm muscles?
Radial nerve ## Footnote The radial nerve is responsible for motor and sensory functions in the posterior arm and forearm.
182
Name the two groups of muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm.
* Superficial (common extensor origin) * Deep ## Footnote The superficial group originates from a common extensor tendon, while the deep group includes muscles that are located deeper within the forearm.
183
What is the role of the Brachioradialis muscle?
Flexes the elbow and assists in supination ## Footnote Although it is located in the posterior compartment, the Brachioradialis primarily functions in flexing the elbow.
184
Fill in the blank: The _______ muscle is primarily responsible for the supination of the forearm.
Brachioradialis ## Footnote Supination is the rotation of the forearm that turns the palm upward.
185
What is pronation?
A rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm downward or backward ## Footnote Involves the pronator teres and pronator quadratus muscles.
186
What is supination?
A rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm upward or forward ## Footnote Involves the biceps brachii and supinator muscles.
187
Name two muscles involved in pronation.
* Pronator teres * Pronator quadratus
188
Name two muscles involved in supination.
* Biceps brachii * Supinator
189
True or False: The pronator teres muscle is involved in supination.
False
190
Fill in the blank: The muscle _______ is responsible for forearm supination.
[biceps brachii]
191
Fill in the blank: The muscle _______ assists in forearm pronation.
[pronator teres]
192
What are the intrinsic hand muscles located in the thenar region?
Thenar muscles: Median (superficial/lateral), Ulnar (deep/medial) ## Footnote The thenar muscles are responsible for the movement of the thumb.
193
Which nerve innervates the muscles in the hypothenar region?
Ulnar nerve ## Footnote The hypothenar muscles control the movement of the little finger.
194
What is the innervation of the lumbrical muscles?
Median (lateral), Ulnar (medial) ## Footnote The lumbricals flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints.
195
Which nerve innervates the interossei muscles?
Ulnar nerve ## Footnote The interossei muscles are involved in the abduction and adduction of the fingers.
196
Identify the labelled parts:

Anatomy (4 decks)

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