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back and vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q 
how many vertebrae are in the:
cervical 
thoracic
lumbar 
sacral
coccygeal
A 
C-7
T-12
L-5
S-5 fused
CC-4 fused
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2
Q

ribs articulate with which region of the spine

A

thoracic

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3
Q

what is located between the spinous process and the vertebrae AND houses the spinal cords/nerves

A

vertebral canal

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4
Q

t/f: we are born with the same curvature of our spine that we have as adults

A

F: as a fetus it’s concave spine to anterior direction
as a newborn the curvature has begun but isn’t at it’s final form
*some curvatures remained in their same shape

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5
Q

what are the primary curvatures of the spine

A

Thoracic and sacral regions

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6
Q

secondary curvatures of spine

A

cervical and lumbar

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7
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback
thoracic spine extremely curved
head pushes forward

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8
Q

lordosis

A

swayback
lumbar spine exxagerated curvature
excess weight in lower abdomen

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9
Q

scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of spine (R or L)
possible rotation of spine
one hip and/or shoulder is higher

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10
Q

which abnormal spinal curvature is common in pregnant women

A

lordosis

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11
Q

how many transverse, articular, and spinous processes are there in each vertebrae

A

spinous - one
transverse- two laterally
articular - four (two on top and two on bottom - used to connect w vertebrae stacked on it)

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12
Q

what are intervertebral discs composed of

A

annulus fibrosis - outer ring of collagen and fibrocartilage in layers
nucleus pulposus - fibrogelatinous center, shock absorber

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13
Q

what type of joints are intervertebral discs

A

fibrocartilaginous joint

symhysis - type of solid joint

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14
Q

which area of the annulus fibrosis ring has less thickness

A

posterior

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15
Q

what causes a herniated disc (herniation of the nucleus pulposus)

A

degenerative changes in the annulus fibrosis (probably posterior side)

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16
Q

what is a vertebral foramen stenosis and what does it cause

A

a constricted canal with decr diameter

causes impingement of spinal cord and/or nerves

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17
Q

age causes

A

increased concavity of the vertebral bodies

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18
Q

what causes people to lose 1/4 or 1/2 inch per decade after 40 or 50 yo

A

decr in bone density in the vertebral body

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19
Q

what two vertebrae are the only ones to have a name

A

C1- atlas

C2- axis

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20
Q

what structure on the axis allows pivot rotation for the head to move left and right

A

odontoid process (dens)

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21
Q

what structure articulates with the base of the skull

A

superior articular facet of the atlas (C1)

-allows nodding heading yes (flex/extend)

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22
Q

which vertebrae has the largest vertebral body

A

lumbar

-cervical is the smallest

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23
Q

wich vertebrae is the only one with transverse facets and why

A

thoracic to articulate w ribs

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24
Q

which vertebrae has transverse foramina

A

cervical

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25
what structure on the sacrum holds the last lumbar vertebrae
sacral promontory
26
what is the name of the area bn the sacrum and coccyx
sacral hiatus
27
what is the purpose of anterior and posterior foramen on the sacrum
where dorsal and ventral primary rami of S1-S4 nerves exit
28
list the vertebral ligaments from posterior to anterior
supraspinous --> interspinous --> ligamentum flavum --> posterior longitudinal ligament --> anterior longitudinal ligament
29
role of the posterior and anterior longitudal ligaments
posterior - prevents hyperflexion | anterior - prevents hyperextension
30
role of supra and interspinous ligaments
both connect adjacent spinous processes
31
role of ligamentum flavum
connects adjacent lamina
32
the supraspinous ligament thickens in the cervical region and is called the
ligamentum nuchae
33
facet joints are an example of what type of joint | whats its function
synovial joints | limit movement bn vertebrae, protect from excess rotation and flexion, facilitate rotation in thoracic spine
34
``` intervertebral joints (vertebrae-vertebrae) are an example of what type of joint whats its function ```
symphyses which is a type of solid joint | minimize friction, weight bearing, shock absorption, restricted movements
35
costovertebral (rib-vertebrae) joints are an example of what type of joint function
planar (gliding) joint aka a type of synovial joint | allows movement of ribs during respiration
36
how many vertebrae are in the spinal cord | how many nerves
``` 33 vertebrae 31 nerves (think minus atlas and axis) ```
37
how many nerves are in the cervical and coccygeal regions
8 cervical 1 coccygeal *rest are the same number as there are vertebrae
38
where does the first cervical nerve emerge bn
skull and C1
39
diff bn C2-C7 nerves and C8 nerves
C2-7 superior to pedicles | C8 inferior to pedicleof C7
40
where do the T1-CC nerves emerge
inferior to pedicles
41
area of nerves in spine that looks like horse tail
cauda equina
42
where does lumbar puncture occur (i.e. at what VERTEBRAE) and why
at L4-L5 bc the conus medullaris ends at L2-L3
43
what procedures can lumbar puncture be used for
diagnosing CNS disorders see if blood is present from trauma or hematoma inject anesthesia
44
what is lumbar puncture
spinal tap | withdrawal of CSF from lumbar cistern
45
where is epidural anesthesia administered
epidural space and penetrates the same ligament as lumbar puncture
46
diff bn lumbar puncture and epidural puncturing
LP - inside of the dura | Epi - outside the dura
47
what structures are penetrated in LP and epidural
Both: Supraspinous ligament --> interspinous --> ligamentum favum Epi stays in that space but LP punctures the dural sac
48
diff bn extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back
extrinsic origin in 1 part of the body and insert in another (superficial layer) intrinsic start and end in the back (deep layer of muscles)
49
intrinsic muscles of the back contribute to what motions
extension (flexion done by abs) lateral flex / entension rotation of upper trunk, head, and neck
50
what muscles of the back are extrinsic and whats their function
traps lats dorsi rhomboids major and minor function in upper extremity
51
what muscles of the back are intermediate and whats their function
serratus posterior superior serratus posterior inferior function in respiration - don't move back
52
what nerve innervates extrinsic and intermediate muscle
ventral primary rami ** *might be confusing since ventral means front and were talking about back
53
function of the erector spinae (intrinsic muscle)
bilateral contraction --> extend spine and head | unilateral contraction --> laterally flexes spine
54
list the 3 erector spinae muscles and where they insert and originate
spinalis - insert on spinous processes longissimus - insert on transverse processes iliocostalis - insert ribs all 3 origin: thoracolumbar fascia
55
all the intrinsic muscles (including all the groups) are innervated by what nerve
dorsal primary rami
56
functions of the splenious group (intrinsic muscles)
bilateral contraction --> extends head and neck | unilateral contraction --> laterally flex neck
57
origin and insertion for the splenius capitus and splenius cervicis
capitus ("head") - origin: nuchal ligament and spinous process -insert: posterior base of skull and mastoid process cervicis (V shape) - origin: thoracic spinous process -insert: cervical transverse processes
58
transcersospinalis group (intrinsic) contains
semispinalis multifidus rotatores
59
semispinalis action
bilaterally extends spine and head | unilaterally rotates spine to contralateral side
60
rotatores and multifidus action
bilaterally extends spine | unilaterally rotate spine to contralateral side
61
what are the divisions of semispinalis
capitus cervicis thoracic
62
how many vertebrae does the semispinalis thoracis, multifidus, and rotatores span
SS thor - 4 to 6 multi - 2 to 4 rot - 1 to two
63
doral primary rami supply nerve fibers to
joints of the vertebral column DEEP muscles of back (including erector spinae, transversospinalis, and splenius group) overlying skin
64
which primary rami merges to form a major somatic nerve plexus (ex. brachial plexus)
ventral priamry ramus
65
what does the ventral primary ramus supply nerves to
everything not listed by dorsal
66
dermatomes
segment of unilateral layer of skin innervated by the sensory (incoming) fibors of a single spinal nerve
67
myotome
segment of unilateral muscle mass innervated by motor (outgoing) fibers of a single spinal nerve
68
where the spinal cord terminates is called the
conus medullaris

HbS (8 decks)

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