Back & Vertebra

Question 1

Ligamentum flavum

Answer 1

Connects the lamina

Question 2

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 2

Connects the exterior of vertebral bodies

Question 3

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 3

Connects the interior of vertebral bodies

Question 4

Supraspinous ligament

Answer 4

Connect the exterior spinous process

Question 5

Interspinous ligament

Answer 5

Connects in between spinous processes

Question 6

What plane is movement permitted in for cervical vertebra?

Answer 6

Transverse

Question 7

What plane is movement permitted in for thoracic vertebra?

Answer 7

Frontal (coronal)

Question 8

What plane is movement permitted in for Lumbar vertebra?

Answer 8

Sagittal

Question 9

What movements occur in cervical vertebra?

Answer 9

Flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion

Question 10

What movements occur in thoracic vertebra?

Answer 10

lateral flexion and rotation

Question 11

What movements occur in lumbar vertebra?

Answer 11

Flexion and extension

Question 12

What movement are the posterior vertebral muscles responsible for?

Answer 12

Extension of spine

Question 13

What movement are the anterior vertebral muscles and side muscles responsible for?

Answer 13

Flexion of spine

Question 14

What is bilateral flexion and example?

Answer 14

Two muscles contracting simultaneously for singular movement - anterior muscle and side muscle for flexion of spine

Question 15

What is unilateral flexion and example?

Answer 15

One muscle contracting for movement - side muscles contracting for rotation and lateral flexion

Question 16

Where do the erector spine muscles lie?

Answer 16

Posteriorly to vertebral transverse and spinous processes

Question 17

Main anterior muscle in neck?

Answer 17

Sternocleidomastoid

Question 18

Main anterior muscles of abdominal wall?

Answer 18

Transverse/rectus abdominus and internal/external obliques

Question 19

What happens when flexor and extensors muscles of the trunk contract simultaneously and what bodily functions are facilitated by this?

Answer 19

Increase intra-abdominal pressure

• Coughing
• Vomiting
• Excretions (faeces)
• Child birth

Question 20

What is the vertebral level of the vertebra prominens?

Answer 20

C7

Question 21

What is the vertebral level of the spine of scapula?

Answer 21

T3

Question 22

What is the vertebral level of the inferior angle of scapula?

Answer 22

T7

Question 23

What is the vertebral level of the iliac crest

Answer 23

L4

Question 24

What is the vertebral level of the medial part of spine of scapula?

Answer 24

T3

Question 25

What is the vertebral level of he posterior iliac spine

Answer 25

S2

Question 26

What important structure are located at level T4?

Answer 26

- Sternomanubrial joint - Arch of the aorta - Bifurcation of the trachea (split)

Question 27

Between what levels is a lumbar puncture performed on in adults and why?

Answer 27

L3/4 so that the spinal cord is not punctured

Question 28

Between what levels is a lumbar puncture performed on in children and why?

Answer 28

L4/5 so that the spinal cord is not punctured

Question 29

Why does the flexion at lumbar spine aid access of needle for a lumbar puncture between L3/4?

Answer 29

Increase interspinous space - spread spinous processes apart

Question 30

What does the lateral horn contain?

Answer 30

Cell bodies of sympathetic neurones

Question 31

What levels is the lateral horn present and what is their outflow?

Answer 31

- T1-L2/3 - thoracolumbar/sympathetic | - S2-4 - sacral/parasympathetic

Question 32

What allows pivot movement at atlantoaxial joint and what type of joint is this?

Answer 32

Odontoid process of axis Synovial pivot

Question 33

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 33

Synovial ellipsoid

Question 34

Purpose and structure of intervertebral discs

Answer 34

Shock absorption (weight bearing compresses disc) - Nucleus pulposus - central with HWC - Annulus fibrosis - layers of fibrocartilage

Question 35

Effect of slipped disc and how does it occur?

Answer 35

Nucleus pulposus protrudes through annulus fibrosis POSTEROLATERALLY and compresses in to an emerging spinal nerve

Question 36

What level are the conus medullar is and caudal equine?

Answer 36

Con. med. ends at spinal cord (L1/2 adults L3/4 children)

Question 37

Where does CSF lie?

Answer 37

Pia and arachnoid (subarachnoid space)

Question 38

Space between dura and arachnoid

Answer 38

Subdural space

Question 39

Where do the dura and arachnoid end?

Answer 39

Dural sac at S3

Question 40

Where does the Pia at?

Answer 40

Filum terminale at Ccg1

Question 41

Why are there enlargements at cervical and lumbar regions?

Answer 41

Due to grey matter surrounding brachial plexus (C5-T1) and lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)

Question 42

Describe sympathetic outflow from spinal cord

Answer 42

1. Exit out of the lateral horn through the ventral root 2. Enter white ramus - become white rams communicans to sympathetic ganglion in sympathetic chain 3. Synapse to grey ramus communicans and reenter spinal nerve and distribute between dorsal and ventral rami

Question 43

Outline 3 pathway for sympathetic fibres

Answer 43

- Synpase at same spinal level - Run up and down symp. chain and synapse at different level - Run through chain but synapse at a prevertebral ganglion (splanchnich nerves)

Question 44

What levels do sympathetic nerves emerge from spinal cord at and why can they go above and below the levels?

Answer 44

T1-L2 - due to sympathetic chain

Question 45

Describe innervation by abdominal viscera

Answer 45

Abdominal spanchnic nerves - emerge from anteromedially pass through the symp. chain but synapse at pre-aortic (prevertebral) ganglia T5-L2 Stomach, liver, intestine etc

Question 46

Describe innervation by thoracic viscera

Answer 46

The thoracic sympathetic nerves (T1-4) synapse in the symp. chain but do not return to ventral ramus, they go to the autonomic nerve plexus (cardiopulmonary plexus) Supply heart, lungs etc

Question 47

Describe sensory fibres in the ANS

Answer 47

General sensory impulses from organs run with parasympathetic fibres Pain impulses from organs run with sympathetic fibres Enter dorsal root and synapse in dorsal root ganglion and then onto later horn cells - then up spinal cord to brain

Question 48

Outline outflow of parasypathetic fibres

Answer 48

S2-4 - come out of lateral horns of distal end of conus medullaris and descend in the cauda equina Run through inferior hypogastric plexus (sym. and para. mix) to synapse in parasympathetic ganglion close or within organ

Question 49

Pelvic parasympathetic splanchnic nerves

Answer 49

S2-4 parasympathetic nerves to pelvic viscera to supply pelvic and lower abdominal organs Run through inferior hypogastric plexus to synapse in parasympathetic ganglion close or within organ

Question 50

What is the inferior hypogastric plexus?

Answer 50

On each side of rectum and is a mixed autonomic plexus