Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy T1 > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Superior

A

Near head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Inferior

A

Near feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anterior

A

Near front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Posterior

A

Near

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Medial

A

Near median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lateral

A

Away from midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proximal

A

near trunk or point of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Distal

A

Away from trunk or point of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Superficial

A

Near surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Palmar

A

On palm of hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plantar

A

Sole of foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dorsal

A

Back of body structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ventral

A

Front of body structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cranial

A

Near head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Caudal

A

Near feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What plane is on the sagittal axis?

A

Median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What plane is on the longitudinal axis?

A

Transverse plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What plane is on the transverse axis?

A

Frontal (coronal) axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 Cavities of the body?

A
  • Head and neck
  • Upper limb
  • Thorax
  • Abdomen
  • Lower limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the names of the body cavities?

A
  • Cranial
  • Spinal
  • Thoracic
  • Diaphragm
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What side of the abdomen does the liver lie on?

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What side of the abdomen does the spleen lie on?
Left
26
What side is the stomach in the abdomen?
Keft
27
What is the olecranon process?
Elbow
28
What is the sternal angle and at what level is it?
sternomanubrial joint - T2
29
Bones in the sternum
- Manubrium - Sternal body - Xiphoid process
30
What level is the summit of the iliac crest?
L3
31
What is the transverse plan through the sternal angle called?
Sternomanubrial plane
32
What level is the xiphisternal joint?
T9
33
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
Bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle
34
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
Nerve tissue
35
What does the endoderm five rise to?
Epithelial lining
36
What embryonic germ layer is skin derived from?
Mesoderm (mesoderm) and ectoderm (epidermis)
37
What embryonic germ layer is smooth muscle derived from?
Mesoderm and ectoderm
38
What is gastrulation?
Early phase in the embryonic development where the single layered blastula is reorganised into a trilaminar (three-layered) structure know as the gastrula
39
What are the names of the three gram layers in the gastrula?
Ectoderm, mesoderm ad endoderm
40
Functions of bone
- Weight bearing/support - Protection - Mineral store - consist on Ca - Blood formation (red bone marrow)
41
Describe the anatomy o bone
- Compact - Trabecular (spongy) bone - Medullary cavity - Bone marrow - Membranes - periosteum and endosteum
42
Where are the bone membranes; periosteum and endosteum?
- Periosteum - covers bone | - Endosteum - inner bone
43
What is the function of compact bone?
Weight bearing
44
What is the function of spongy bone?
Store bone marrow and absorb impact
45
What is the function of the medullary cavity?
Where red bone marrow is stored - makes RBCs
46
What is the function of periosteum?
Protection
47
What is compact bone organised into?
Haversian systems
48
What are the two canal in the compact bone Haversian systems?
Horizontal volkmann's canals and vertical Haversian canals
49
What surrounds Haversian canals?
Osteocytes and centric rings on bone matrix (lamellae)
50
What is an osteon?
Haversian canal, osteocytes and centric rings
51
Describe spongy bone
Less dense, network of lamellate trabecular filled with bone marrow
52
What are the different types of bone?
- Flat - Irregular - Short - Long - Sesamoid (knee cap) - Sutural
53
What the two types of bone formation and describe them?
- Endochondral - within cartilage (common in long bone growth) - tough bone - Intramembranous - membrane involved
54
What occurs in endochondral ossification?
1. Bone forms cartilage model first 3. BV invade cartilage 4. Cartilage replaced with bone 5. Cartilage remains in epiphyseal growth plate 6. Growth plate ossifies
55
What occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells that mature into osteoblasts and start forming bone Residual mesenchymal cells develop into blood vessels and bone marrow
56
What cells and molecules make up bone?
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes ECM - collagen, hydroxyapatite crystals and water
57
What is the function of miners in bone?
Make bone stiff and able to support structures giving it strength under compression
58
What is the function of collagen?
Gives bone some flexibility and reduces risk of fracture Provides high strength under tension
59
Why is bone described as dynamic?
Constant turn over and remodelling allows for fracture healing and adaptation to mechanical forces
60
Steps in bone turnover
1. Osteoclasts break down old bone | 2. Osteoblasts build new bone
61
What are canaliculi?
Mircoscopic canals that connect lacunae to each other and allows communication between cells
62
What are osteoclasts?
Multinucleated cells derived from monocytes/macrophages which resorb bone matrix
63
Describe the ECM
Comprised of mineral, protein (collagen) and water - modified Type 1 collagen fibres which strongly cross-link and leaves gaps for hydroxyapatite crystals
64
Diseases linked with disorders of remodelling
- Osteoporosis - resorption > formation - Paget's disease - increase resorption - Osteopetrosis - decreased resorption
65
What is bone mass controlled by?
Genes and environment (calcium intake, smoking, exercise)
66
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
67
Examples of fibrous joints
- Syndesmosis - between tibia and fibula - Gomphoses - binds teeth to gum - Sutures
68
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses (primary) and symphyses (secondary) bone-cartilage-bone
69
Describe synchondroses joints
One type of cartilage (hyaline cartilage) and allow for bone growth but ossifies in adults and don't allow movements - epiphyseal growth plate
70
Describe symphyses joints
Two types of cartilage (fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage) and do not ossify with ages and allows for limited movement - found in midline (vertebra, pubic symphysis)
71
Describe synovial joints
Allow for movement and contain: - Articular cartilage - fibrous capsule - Synovial membrane - Ligaments - Bursae sac filled with synovial fluid (pillow in area of high friction)
72
Name the types of synovial joints and give an example
- Hinge - knee - Pivot - atlanto-axial - Saddle - thumb - Plane - vertebra - Ellipsoid - atanto-occipital - Ball and socket - hip
73
What allows for joint stability?
- Shape of articulating surfaces - Fibrous capsule & ligaments - Muscles
74
Describe the blood & nerve supply to joints
Anastomoses - connection between two blood vessels and joints allow for proprioception The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint, also innervates this joint
75
What occurs in arthritis?
Damages cartilage and then joint function
76
What happens in craniosynostosis?
Premature closing of cranial sutures before brain fully develops - if only one suture affected then deformed skull bu if many are affected then compression of nerves and brain parts causing neurological problems
77
What is a fossa?
Shallow depression
78
What is a process?
Any projection or bump
79
What is a foramen?
Rounded aperture for vessels and nerves to transverse through
80
What is a sulcus?
A narrow groove
81
What is a tuberosity?
A rough projection
82
What is a tubercle?
A small rounded projection

Anatomy T1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions