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BVSc2 AD1 > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are inclusion bodies

A

Food for bacteria

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2
Q

What is a mesosome?

A

Infolding of plasma membrane like an organelle where proteins cluster

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3
Q

What is the protoplast?

A

Plasma membrnae and cytoplasm and contents

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4
Q

What is the cholesterol equivalent in bacteria?

A

Hopanoids

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5
Q

What is a gram positive cell wall?

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What holds together the peptidoglycan in the gram positive cell wall?

A

Teichoic acid

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7
Q

What is a gram negative cell wall?

A

Single layer of peptidoglycan
double layer of membrane - one on outside
lipopolysaccaride chains

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8
Q

What is a feature of gram negative cell wall and what does it cause?

A

Lipopolysaccaride chains
help retain water
help prevent complement system/MAC

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9
Q

Where are gram positive bacteria found?

A

On surfaces of body

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10
Q

Where are gram negative bacteria found?

A

Damp areas inside the body eg gut

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11
Q

What happens when bacteria shed lipopolysaccarides?

A

Activates immune system - fever

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12
Q

What is the slime called around bacteria?

A

Glycocalyx

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13
Q

What help attach bacteria to surfaces?

A

Fimbra

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14
Q

What is a bacteria tail called?

A

flagellum

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15
Q

What is the dormant form of bacteria called?

A

Endospores

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16
Q

What colour are gram positive bacteria?

A

Purple

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17
Q

What colour are gram negative bacteria?

A

Pink

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18
Q

Why are gram positive cells purple?

A

Because alcohol shrinks peptidoglycan so crystal violet cant get out

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19
Q

What are bacteria which die without O2 called?

A

Strictly aerobic

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20
Q

What are bacteria which need a reduced amount of O2 called?

A

Microaerophilic

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21
Q

What are bacteria which can survive with or without O2 called?

A

Facultatively anaerobic

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22
Q

What are bacteria which only thrive with no O2 called?

A

Strictly anaerobic

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23
Q

What are bad products of aerobic respiration?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

O2 radicals

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24
Q

What is used to get rid of hydrogen peroxide?

A

Catalase

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25
Q

What is used to get rid of superoxide radicals?

A

Superoxide dismutase

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26
Q

What are barriers to nutrient uptake?

A

Outer membrane and plasma membrane

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27
Q

What are biproducts of fermentation?

A

Acids (lactic)
CO2
H2
Alcohols

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28
Q

What are the types of media?

A

Enriched - non specific
Selective - mimics conditions
Differential - visual difference

29
Q

What are the stages of a bacterias life?

A

Lag
Log
Stationary
Death

30
Q

What happens in the stationary phase?

A

Run out of the limiting factor so growth stops

31
Q

WHat happens in the log phase?

A

Bacterial growth

32
Q

WHat happens in the lag phase?

A

Adapts to the conditions before growth

33
Q

What are saprophytes?

A

Bacteria that are free living
dont infect animals
opposite to pathogens

34
Q

What is the name for bacteria that gain but cause no harm?

A

Commensals

35
Q

What are facultative pathogens?

A

Normally harmless bacteria but have the ability of becoming pathogenic in the right conditions

36
Q

How do bacteria evade the immune system?

A

Lipopolysaccarides
No receptors for complement
Fimbrae to hold on tight so dont get engulfed by macrophages
Chemicals

37
Q

How do bacteria enter mucous membranes?

A

Mucinase - digest mucous
Adhesins - stick
motility

38
Q

How do bacteria enter respiratory?

A

Ciliostatic/ciliotoxic - destroy cilia

39
Q

How do bacteria invade?

A

By endocytosis through endothelial cells

Or phagocytosis by macrophages - but arent digested

40
Q

How do bacteria stop getting digested by lysosomes?

A

Escape endosome
block lysosome fusion
Try and survive

41
Q

How do bacteria invade the body more deeply?

A

Transcytosis

Taken up by macrophages

42
Q

What are the features of bacterial chromosomal DNA?

A

1 chromosome
circular
supercoiled

43
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal circular DNA

44
Q

What kind of genes are plasmids?

A

Auxillary DNA - add to make bacteria more evolutionarily successful

45
Q

What do transposons contain to allow them to work?

A

Inverted repeats - bind and loop into DNA

Transposase - cut themselves out of DNA once theyve replicated

46
Q

How does genetic variation occur in bacteria?

A 
Multiple genes - one product
Silent genes - fool immune system
Gene/promoter inversion
Transposon activity - change DNA
Random mutations
47
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Enter bacteria, control and replicate, then cause lysis

48
Q

What is bacterial transformation?

A

Take up free DNA

49
Q

What is bacterial transduction?

A

Phage accidentally picks up host DNA

50
Q

What is the most important type of bacterial DNA uptake?

A

Conjugation

51
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

Involves plasmid replication through bacteria

52
Q

What do plasmids need to replicate?

A

Transfer operon

53
Q

What are the stages of conjugation?

A

Male bacterium contains plasmid
Makes a pilus to grab female
Plasmid rolls through pilus into female

54
Q

What is a complex ecosystem of bacteria called?

A

Biofilm

55
Q

How is bacterial replication controlled by the host?

A

Restriction of iron
Bile
Lysosomes

56
Q

Where does biofilm often grow?

A

Heart valves
dental plaque
Catheters

57
Q

What is a problem with biofilm?

A

Easy to pass plasmids so antimicrobial resistance

also disinfectant resistance

58
Q

What is the antimicrobial agents suitable for use as treatment called?

A

Chemotherapeutic agents (CTA)

59
Q

What is the therapeutic dose?

A

Level of CTA needed for clinical treatment of an infection

60
Q

What is the therapeutic index?

A

The Toxic dose / Therapeutic dose

61
Q

What does a high index mean?

A

It is selectively toxic

useful

62
Q

What does a low index mean?

A

Toxic to host

Has side effects

63
Q

What does bacteriostatic CTAs mean?

A

Inhibit bacterial growth

64
Q

What does bactericidal CTAs mean?

A

Lethal to bacteria

65
Q

What action on bacteria do bactericidal CTAs have?

A

Inhibit cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis

66
Q

What antibacterials cause inhibition of protein synthesis?

A

Both bactericidal and bacteriostatic

67
Q

What drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Cycloserine
glycopeptides
beta-lactams

68
Q

What drugs inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
clindamycin

69
Q

What drugs inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

quinolones

BVSc2 AD1 (12 decks)

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