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TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ > Bacteria ✅ > Flashcards

Bacteria ✅ Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What is the size of bacteria comparable to?

A

Variable - smallest similar to the largest viruses, biggest are the size of RBCs

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2
Q

What are the shapes of bacteria?

A
  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Spiral
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3
Q

What shape are cocci?

A

Round

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4
Q

What shape are bacilli?

A

Rod-like

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5
Q

What shape are spirochetes?

A

Spiral

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6
Q

What arrangements can cocci take up?

A
  • Clusters
  • Chains
  • Pairs
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7
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in clusters?

A

Staph aureus

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8
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in chains

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

Give an example of a cocci that exists in pairs

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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10
Q

Are bacteria capable of independent metabolic existence and growth?

A

Most are

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11
Q

What are bacteria called when they are not capable of independent metabolic existence and growth?

A

Obligate intracellular pathogens

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12
Q

Give 2 bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • Chlamydia

- Rickettsia

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13
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

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14
Q

What is produced from cell division in bacteria?

A

Each cell produces 2 daughter cells

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15
Q

What is the result of each bacterial cell producing 2 daughter cells?

A

Allows exponential growth of bacterial colonies

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16
Q

How long does it take for a single bacterium to develop into a million?

A

Can be within hours

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17
Q

What is bacterial classification based on?

A
  • Gram reaction
  • Bacterial shape
  • Growth requirement
  • Presence of spores
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18
Q

What can bacteria be classified into on the basis of growth requirements?

A
  • Aerobic

- Anaerobes

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19
Q

What is the most common type of class of bacteria in terms of growth requirement?

A

Aerobes

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20
Q

What can aerobic bacteria be further divided into?

A
  • Obligate aerobes

- Faculative aerobes

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21
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow

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22
Q

What are facultative aerobes?

A

Bacteria able to generate energy in the absence of sufficient oxygen

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23
Q

What are anaerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria only able to grow in an atmosphere containing less than 20% oxygen

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24
Q

What can some bacteria do to survive in adverse conditions?

A

Produce spores

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25
What does the generation of bacterial spores allow survival in the face of?
Exposure to chemicals and heat
26
Give an example of a spore forming bacteria
Clostridium species
27
What is the limitation of classification of bacteria based on gram staining?
Some do not take up the gram stain
28
Give 4 bacteria that do not take up gram stain
- Mycoplasma - Chlamydia - Rickettsia - Mycobacteria
29
Why do mycoplasma not take up gram stain?
They have no cell wall
30
Why do chlamydia and rickettsia not take up gram stain?
They are intracellular bacteria
31
What staining is required to detect mycobacteria
Acid fast staining
32
Give 3 examples of bacteria that are; - Gram positive - Cocci - Aerobic - Non-spore forming
- Staphylococci - Streptococci - Enterococci
33
Give an example of a bacteria that is - Gram positive - Bacilli - Aerobic - Non-spore forming
Listeria
34
Give an example of a bacteria that is: - Gram positive - Bacilli - Aerobic - Spore forming
Bacillus
35
Give an example of a bacteria that is: - Gram positive - Bacilli - Anaerobic - Spore forming
Clostridium
36
Give an example of a bacterium that is: - Gram negative - Cocci - Aerobic - Non-spore forming
- Neisseria
37
Give 5 examples of a bacteria that is: - Gram negative - Bacilli - Facultative aerobic - Non-spore forming
- E coli - Klebsiella - Salmonella - Shigella - Haemophilus
38
Give an example of a bacteria that is: - Gram negative - Bacilli - Aerobic - Non-spore forming
Pseudomonas
39
Give an example of a bacteria that is: - Gram negative - Bacilli - Anaerobic - Non-spore forming
Bacteroides
40
Give an example of a bacteria that is: - Gram negative - Spirochete - Anaerobic - Non-spore forming
Borrelia
41
What do bacterial cells consist of?
Cytoplasm surrounded by cell wall
42
What is found in the cytoplasm of bacteria?
- DNA - Ribosomes - All elements required for growth and pathogenesis
43
In what forms does DNA exist in bacteria?
- Single chromosome of circular DNA | - Within plasmids
44
What is the importance of the cell wall of bacteria?
Essential for survival
45
What is the clinical implication of the cell wall being essential for the survival of bacteria?
It is a key target for antibiotics
46
Describe the structure of the cell wall in a gram positive bacteria?
They have a thick peptidoglycan layer with no outer membrane
47
What colour do gram positive bacteria appear on gram stain?
Blue/purple
48
Why do gram positive bacteria appear blue/purple on gram stain?
Due to retention of crystal violet dye in the thick cell wall
49
Describe the structure of the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria?
They have a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounding by an outer lipid membrane
50
What colour do gram -ve bacteria appear on gram stain?
Red/pink
51
What might be found in the periplasmic space of gram-negative bacteria?
ß-lactamase
52
What is the clinical relevance of ß-lactamase?
It degrades antibiotics such as penicillin
53
What might be found on the cell surface of bacteria?
- Endotoxin - Pili - Flagella - Other proteins
54
What components found on some bacteria can induce septic shock?
- Endotoxins | - Teichoic acid
55
Where are endotoxins found?
On the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
56
What are bacterial endotoxins made of?
Lipopolysaccharide
57
Where is teichoic acid found?
In gram positive bacteria
58
What are pili?
Hair like structures
59
What is the function of pili?
Facilitate adhesion and acquisition of external DNA
60
What is the function of flagella?
Help with locomotion
61
What is the clinical relevance of flagella?
Can help with bacterial identification
62
What might other proteins found on the cell surface of bacteria act as?
- Sensors - Receptors - Adhesins
63
What may bacteria be surrounded by?
A polysaccharide capsule
64
Give 3 bacteria that are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis - Klebisella pneumonia - Escheria coli
65
What is the purpose of a polysaccharide capsule surrounding bacteria?
It enables them to evade phagocytosis
66
What plays an important role in clearing bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule?
The spleen
67
What is the implication of the spleen playing an important role in clearing bacteria with a polysaccharide capsule?
Individuals who are hyposplenic are more susceptible to these organisms
68
What do some bacteria produce in addition to the capsule?
Slime
69
What is slime?
A tough protective matrix
70
What is the clinical relevance of slime-producing bacteria?
- Very difficult for antibiotics to penetrate | - Can form biofilms on foreign materials
71
What routes can bacteria be transmitted via?
- Respiratory - Gastrointestinal - Urogenital - Cutaneous
72
What do bacteria do once they have entered the body?
Adhere to mucosal sites
73
What facilitates the adherence of bacteria to mucosal sites?
- Pili | - Surface proteins
74
When is it said that bacteria have 'colonised'?
Once a stable population has been established
75
What happens in some instances of bacterial colonisation?
Invasion occurs, and the bacteria penetrate host cells and tissues
76
Are all strains of bacteria equally pathogenic?
No
77
Give an example of where not all strains of bacteria are equally pathogenic?
There are 6 strains of Haemophilus influenza, but type b (Hib) causes the most serious disease
78
What does different strains of the same bacteria having differing virulence determinants give rise to?
Distinct patterns of infection
79
Give an example of where the same bacteria having different virulence determinants can cause distinct patterns of infection
E. coli may cause disease in the GI tract, meningitis, sepsis, or UTI

TAS Infection And Immunity ✅ (14 decks)

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