Bacteria

Question 0

Gram staining

Answer 0

Staining with Crystal Violet
Fixing with Grams iodine
Washing with alcohol/acetone
Positive- purple
Negative - pink (counterstained with Basic Fuchsin)

Question 1

Size

Answer 1

0,5-2 micrometers

Question 2

Positive vs negative

Answer 2

Positive - peptidoglycan like cables, thicker walls, more robust
Negative - glycan makes single layer, additional polysaccharide membrane, resistant to toxic chemicals

Question 3

Cell wall

Answer 3

Peptidoglycan
2D mesh-like polysaccharide chains
Cross linked by short peptides

Question 4

Characteristics

Answer 4

Poles
Nucleoid
Unique ribosomes and polysaccharides
Membranes and central metabolic pathways similar to eukaryotes
Rapid reproduction

Question 5

Reproduction

Answer 5

Cylinder elongation
Nucleoid replication
MreB
ParA separates chromosomes
FtsZ

Question 6

MreB

Answer 6

Arranges material for new cell wall in a helix
Gene B of murein region
Murein = peptidoglycan
Related to actin

Question 7

FtsZ

Answer 7

Filamentation, temperature sensitive
Forms z-ring
Related to tubulin

Question 8

Shapes -8

Answer 8

Rods
Cocci (spheres)
Filaments
Vibrios (curved rods)
Spirilla (helical filaments)
Spirochaetes (wrapped around own flagella)
Actin bacteria (branched)
Mycelium (fungus-like)

Question 9

Outside structures

Answer 9

Flagella
Fimbriae
Pili
Capsule

Question 10

Flagella

Answer 10

Rotates like propeller

Polar or peritrichious

Question 11

Fimbriae

Answer 11

Attaching to surfaces

Question 12

Pili

Answer 12

Sex or type 4

Retractable

Question 13

Capsule

Answer 13

Protection against desiccation
Attachment
Made from polysaccharides

Question 14

Przetrwalniki

Answer 14

Endospores
After asymmetrical division
Mother cell+ forespore
Anthrax, tetanus

Question 15

Types of reaction to oxygen

Answer 15

Aerobic
Facultatively anaerobic
Aerotolerant
Strictly anaerobic

Question 16

Natural life cycle

Answer 16

Swimming form(chemotaxis)
Surface associated motility (swarming or twitching)
Microcolony 
Biofilm
Quorum sensing

Question 17

Cultivation

Answer 17

Agar (colonies)
Broth (rotary shaker, homogeneous dispersion)
Anaerobic jar (air replaced by CO2, N2, H2)

Question 18

Classification by nutrition

Answer 18

Chemoheterotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
Photoautotrophs

Question 19

Autotrophs

Answer 19

Source of carbon = CO2

Reducing power = H2, H2S, NH3, NO2-, Fe2+

Question 20

Autotrophs - carbon fixing cycles -4

Answer 20

Calvin-Benson cycle (plants, Cyanobacteria, purple bacteria)
Reverse TCA
Hydroxypropionate pathway
Acetyl-COA p.

Question 21

Heterotrophs

Answer 21

Source of carbon = absorbing organic molecules
Can’t phagocitate
Large polymers need to be broken down before absorption

Question 22

Chemo(…)trophs

Answer 22

Oxidise organic chemicals to get energy

Question 23

Photo(…)trophs

Answer 23

Use light energy

Bacteriochlorophyll

Question 24

Outdated method of classification

Answer 24

Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology

Question 25

Classification by 16S sequencing -4

Answer 25

Proteobacteria Firmicutes Actinibacteria Smaller g- groups (actinobacteria)

Question 26

Proteobacteria

Answer 26

Most of g- bacteria Purple photosynthetic bacteria Subdivided into alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon

Question 27

Firmicutes

Answer 27

G+ | Low GC content in DNA

Question 28

Actinobacteria

Answer 28

G+ | High GC content in DNA

Question 29

Phylogenetic stuff -3

Answer 29

Most of smaller groups is g-, so g- are the ancestors Lowest branches of tree are hyperthermophilic Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis widely distributed = core adaptation developed early on

Question 30

Important bacteria

Answer 30

E. coli S. aureus C. Difficile

Question 31

Escherichia coli -8

Answer 31

``` Used as a host for gene manipulation Forms 1% of gut bacteria G- Rod Facultatively anaerobic Chemoheterotrophic Motile by peritrichious flagella Some strains cause urinary tract infections ```

Question 32

Staphylococcus aureus -9

Answer 32

``` G+ Cocci Facultatively anaerobic Firmicutes Found in nasal membranes Causes infection of wounds Food poisoning Secondary pneumonia MRSA - methicillin resistant S. Aureus ```

Question 33

Clostridium difficile -6

Answer 33

``` G+ Rod Strictly anaerobic Firmicute Endospore forming Can dominate gut flora after antibiotic therapy causing antibiotic-associated colitis ```