Bacteria

Question 1

what does microbiology mean?

Answer 1

the study of microorganisms and their relationships with humans

Question 2

what is a microorganism?

Answer 2

any organism/ replicating entity that is of a microscopic size or small

Question 2

what are the categories of microorganisms

Answer 2

cellular (bacteria, fungi, protozoa)
acellular (viruses, prions)

Question 2

what are prokaryotes

Answer 2

(bacteria) organisms without membrane bound organelles. transcription and translation is couples, they have a single circular DNA with additional DNA in plasmids

Question 2

what are eukaryotes?

Answer 2

DNA carried on chromosomes in a membrane bound nucleus. cytoplasm is rich in membrane bound organelles

Question 2

what are bacteria?

Answer 2

single celled prokaryotes. DNA in long circular form. thick cell wall and a thick capsule.

Question 2

how do bacteria reproduce?

Answer 2

binary fusion

Question 3

what determines gram positive or negativity

Answer 3

peptidoglycan

Question 3

why would bacteria be gram stain unreliable?

Answer 3

to small a cell wall

Question 3

if there is a large amount of peptidoglycan the cell will be?

Answer 3

gram positive

Question 3

if there is a small amount of peptidoglycan the cell will be?

Answer 3

gram negative

Question 3

where in the body is sterile?

Answer 3

blood, tissues, organ systems, CNS, lower respiratory tract, sinuses, inner and middle ear, renal system down to posterior urethra, female reproductive track down to the cervix and the eye

Question 3

what Is the definition of a parasite?

Answer 3

an organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits on deriving nutrients at the others expense.

Question 3

what is the definition of an opportunistic infection

Answer 3

an infection usually via a less frailest organism that might cause harm to an immunocompromised person

Question 4

what is a nonsocomical infection

Answer 4

hospital acquired infection

Question 4

what is a carrier state?

Answer 4

the condition of harbouring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection

Question 4

what is an endotoxin?

Answer 4

the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria which elicits strong immune responses and can make patients appear septic

Question 4

what are exotoxins (super antigens)?

Answer 4

they are liberated by certain gram positive bacteria. produced intracellularly and released as mature toxins on infection. they have massive immune stimulation. (toxic shock syndrome)

Question 4

what is the meaning of sepsis?

Answer 4

a psychological response to severe infection involving cytokine cascades, free radical production and vasoactive mediators

Question 4

what is meant by the chain of infection/

Answer 4

infectious agent, reservoirs, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host

Question 4

what are examples of specimen processing?

Answer 4

microscopy, culture, PCR

Question 5

What are some cellular microorganisms?

Answer 5

-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoa

Question 6

What are some examples of acellular microorganisms?

Answer 6

Viruses
Prions

Question 7

What is pilli function?

Answer 7

An attachment, either to bacteria or to host cells. Presence of multiple pilli is a factor in resistance to phagocytosis.

Question 8

What is the structure of DNA in bacteria?

Answer 8

Long circular form, + or -

Question 9

What does positive sense DNA?

Answer 9

The nucleotide sequence corresponds directly to the sequence of an RNA transcript.

Question 10

What dyes are used when bacteria is gram stained?

Answer 10

Flood with crystal violet and iodine Iodine helps crystals form complexes with peptidoglycan

Question 11

Example of gram positive cocci?

Answer 11

Streptococcus Staphylococcus

Question 12

Example of gram - cocci?

Answer 12

Neisseria Moraxella

Question 13

Example of gram + bacilli?

Answer 13

Bacillus Acranobacterium

Question 14

Example of gram negative bacilli?

Answer 14

Bacteroides

Question 15

what colour do gram positive Bactria come out?

Answer 15

purple

Question 16

what colour do gram negative bacteria come out?

Answer 16

pink

Question 17

what are some benefits to normal flora?

Answer 17

-byproducts released means pathogens find it harder to establish True infection -produce vitamins K and B in gut as metabolic end products -keep immune system stimulated

Question 18

where are the main sites of colonisation for normal flora?

Answer 18

-skin -distal urethra -colon -distal GI tract -upper resp tract

Question 19

what are the sterile body sites?

Answer 19

-blood tissues and organ sites -CNS -lower resp tract -sinuses, inner and middle ear -renal system down to posterior urethra -female reproductive tract down to cervix -are behind conjunctiva in the eye

Question 20

what does transient mean?

Answer 20

short-lived/passing

Question 21

what forms the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria and elicit strong immune responses making patients appear septic?

Answer 21

AKA as lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic lipid A and O antigen

Question 22

what is a biofilm?

Answer 22

ECM which the organism embeds into and antibiotics aren't good at penetrating it