The immune response

Question 1

where are white blood cells made?

Answer 1

in the bone marrow (particularly in the pelvis and the ribs) and then released into the blood

Question 2

what does the erythrocyte do?

Answer 2

carries oxygen around the body

Question 3

what do platelets do?

Answer 3

clot the blood if there is bleeding

Question 3

what cells are granulocytes

Answer 3

basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 4

what are natural kills cells?

Answer 4

kill cells specifically virally infected cells or cancer cells

Question 5

what are monocytes

Answer 5

give rise to special cells that live in tissues called macrophages

Question 6

what do macrophages do

Answer 6

surveying tissue and repairing any damage

Question 7

what are b lymphocytes

Answer 7

important within the adaptive immune response, make antibodies

Question 8

what are t lymphocytes

Answer 8

important within the adaptive immune response can kill cells or make special proteins that enable other immune cells

Question 9

where are t lymphocytes made?

Answer 9

in the bone marrow and then mature in the thymus to ensure they don’t cause damage when they are released

Question 10

what cell is human blood largely made up of?

Answer 10

neutrophiles (60%) then lymphocytes (30%)

Question 11

how do neutrophils
protect against infection?

Answer 11

they chase and eat bacteria

Question 12

what cells move to and live in the tissues?

Answer 12

dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells

Question 13

where do T and B lymphocytes spend most of their time?

Answer 13

in secondary lymphoid organs in the nose and mouth

Question 14

what cells make up the innate immune response?

Answer 14

mast cell, natural killer cell, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil and monocytes

Question 15

what is complement?

Answer 15

a cascade of proteins in serum, activated by antibody or molecules from pathogens. it amplifies the inflammatory response and can directly kill pathogens or attract other immune cells

Question 16

what do macrophages do?

Answer 16

re organise their actin cytoskeleton to engulf bacteria that are digested inside the cell. can also engulf apoptotic cells using finger like extensions called pseudopodia

Question 17

what is adaptive immunity

Answer 17

stimulated by exposure to microbe, it is more potent

Question 18

what is innate immunity

Answer 18

immediate response and tends to be local, hard wired from birth

Question 19

what is humoral adaptive immunity

Answer 19

when antibodies are mediated, ‘extracellular attack’ , antibody from B cells and B cells mature in the bone marrow

Question 20

what is cell mediated adaptive immunity

Answer 20

intracellular attack due to T cells which mature in the thymus

Question 21

where do T cells mature?

Answer 21

thymus

Question 22

where do B cells mature

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

for one white blood cell how many red blood cells are there?

Answer 23

700

Question 24

what is the lifespan in the blood of a neutrophil?

Answer 24

7 hours

Question 25

what is the lifespan in the blood of a eosinophil?

Answer 25

8 to 12 days

Question 26

what is the lifespan in the blood of a basophil?

Answer 26

few hours to a few days

Question 27

what is the lifespan in the blood of a monocyte?

Answer 27

3 days

Question 28

what is the lifespan in the blood of a B or T lymphocyte?

Answer 28

memory cells so can live for many years.

Question 29

how long after infection does it take for the innate immune response to kick in?

Answer 29

0-12 hours roughly

Question 30

how long after infection does it take for the adaptive immune response to kick in?

Answer 30

1-7 days

Question 31

what distinguishes neutrophils?

Answer 31

distinct multi lobed nucleus (2-5 lobes), usually first cell to reach site of inflammation, after apoptosis they are the major constituent of pus

Question 32

what are the largest circulating blood cells?

Answer 32

monocytes

Question 33

what are some features of monocytes?

Answer 33

-present in chronic illness -differentiate into macrophages in tissues which survive long term -have TLR which recognise PAMP's and destroy pathogens by phagocytosis -can release cytokines

Question 34

which cells primary function is to combat parasitic infections?

Answer 34

eosinophil, can poke holes in the outer layer of helminths

Question 35

what are some characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 35

-parasitic infection -seen in allergic and certain malignant disease processes -bilobed nucleus

Question 36

what immunoglobulin works with basophils in the inflammatory response?

Answer 36

igE

Question 37

IgA?

Answer 37

13% found in breast milk, tears and other fluids, generally found in mucosa prevents bacterial infection

Question 37

IgM?

Answer 37

6% develop in plasma, activate complement, reacts usually on first exposures

Question 38

IgD?

Answer 38

found in most B cells important in activating B cells

Question 39

IgG?

Answer 39

80% activates complement, crosses placenta to protect foetus, active against bacteria and viruses

Question 40

IgE?

Answer 40

associated with allergic reactions

Question 41

where are mast cells found?

Answer 41

reside in tissues and are activated in response to pathogens or signals

Question 42

how do mast cells contribute to the innate immune response?

Answer 42

release a number of inflammatory mediators enhance vascular permeability

Question 43

what are the key molecules involved in the innate immune response?

Answer 43

-PAMPs and DAMPs -complement -chemokines -cytokines -other inflammatory mediators

Question 44

what is complement and what does it do?

Answer 44

made up of plasma proteins 1. oponise bacteria for phagocytosis 2. attract more phagocytic cells 3. directly kill bacteria

Question 45

what do chemokines do?

Answer 45

attract neutrophils

Question 46

what do cytokines and other inflammatory mediators do?

Answer 46

increase vascular permeability

Question 47

what are the major cell types involved in the innate response?

Answer 47

phagocytes NK cells dendritic cells mast cell

Question 48

what are the major cell types involved in the adaptive response?

Answer 48

T cells, B cells, antigen presenting cells

Question 49

what are CD8 cells?

Answer 49

cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Question 50

how do lymphocytes recognise antigens?

Answer 50

T cell receptor complex on the surface, part of which CD3 identifies these cells.

Question 51

how do CD8 cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells?

Answer 51

release perforin into the cell membrane, create a pore and then inject granzymes which scrambles the DNA in the virally infected cells, causing apoptosis

Question 52

which cells are not found in the blood?

Answer 52

mast cells, they are found in tissues macrohages are also found in tissues not in the blood

Question 53

what are the phagocytic cells?

Answer 53

dendritic cells monocytes macrophages

Question 54

what is the name of the small molecules that attract other immune cells?

Answer 54

cytokines

Question 55

What are T and independent B cells particularly important for dealing with?

Answer 55

Encapsulated bacteria

Question 56

What is the term for the process when dendritic cells Sample pathogens they encounter?

Answer 56

Macrropinocytosis

Question 57

What do MHC class I molecules interact with?

Answer 57

CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

Question 58

Which cells are most important in killing virally infected cells?

Answer 58

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 59

What activates CD4+ helper cells?

Answer 59

MCH class II molecules which are expressed on the surface of APCs

Question 60

What are the functions of CD4+ T cells?

Answer 60

-activating other immune cells -releasing cytokines -help B cells produce antibodies

Question 61

Which white blood cell manly targets bacterial and fungal infections?

Answer 61

Neutrophils

Question 62

Which white blood cell is mainly responsible for allergens?

Answer 62

Basophils

Question 63

Which white blood cell is mainly responsible for bacterial infections?

Answer 63

Monocytes

Question 64

Which white blood cells is mainly responsible for viral infections?

Answer 64

Lymphocytes

Question 65

What cells are agranulocytes?

Answer 65

Lack granules in cytoplasm

Question 66

Which cell mainly links innate and adaptive response?

Answer 66

Dendritic cells

Question 67

Which cells come from the lymphoid lineage?

Answer 67

Lymphocytes and NK cells

Question 68

tay-sachs disease is associated with defective?

Answer 68

lysosomes

Question 69

which cells come from the lymphoid progenitor cell lineage?

Answer 69

NK cells T+B lymphocytes plasma cell

Question 70

what is the descending order of abundance in serum if antibodies?

Answer 70

G, A, M, D, E

Question 71

what is the only antibody to cross the placenta?

Answer 71

IgG

Question 72

which antibody is most prevalent in secretions?

Answer 72

IgA

Question 73

which antibodies are the best at neutralising?

Answer 73

IgA and IgG

Question 74

which antibodies activate the complement pathway?

Answer 74

IgM and IgG

Question 75

which antibody is secreted as a pentamer?

Answer 75

IgM