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Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

colibacillosis

A

avian pathogenic E.coli
normal in intestines
signs = septicaemia, sudden death, airsacculitis, pericarditis, polyserositis (depends if stays local or spreads from POE). swollen head syndrome if confections
diagnosis = isolation in pure culture
prevent = good management and decrease stress, not a vaccine that covers all types
public health risks

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2
Q

campylobacteriosis

A

C. jejuni = non pathogenic in birds
C. hepaticus = spotty liver
SOI = contam environment, excreted in faeces for life
trans = on egg surface or transovarial, insects, litter

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3
Q

signs of camplyobacteriosis

A

multifocal necrotic hepatitis, egg production losses and increased mortality
PM = distension of jejunum, hemorrhagic enteritis, focal hepatic necrosis

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4
Q

diagnosis campylobacteriosis

A

culture from liver or faeces, MALDI-TOF, PCR
control = improved biosecurity and hygiene, all in all out, decontamination, rodent control, chlorinate drinking water

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5
Q

treat campylobacter

A

C.hepaticus = chlortetracycline, lincomycin but resistance and withholding time for eggs
withhold feed 12h before slaughter and thoroughly clean transport trucks to decrease jejuni in processing plant
C. jejuni = enteritis in humans from undercooked poultry

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6
Q

avian chlamydiosis

A

chlamydia psittaci, 8 serotypes, A and D highly virulent for turkeys
trans = feco-oral or resp, possible vectors and vertical
infective for months in litter
stress can initiate shedding
long term infection common

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7
Q

signs chlamydiosis

A

nasal and ocular discharge, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, green/yellow droppings, fever, inactivity, decreased eggs, resp signs in turkeys and chickens
PM = serofibrinous polyserositis, bronchopneumonia, hepatic necrosis

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8
Q

diagnosis of chlamydiosis

A

for flock = serology, PM and PCR
individual = PCR, culture or 4x titre
hard due to variety of signs, latency and intermittent shedding
DD = other resp or systemic diseases

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9
Q

treat chlamydiosis

A

tetracyclines for 2-8w, remove 2d before slaughter. lasts 9/26d in eggs
reportable
no vaccine
control = biosecurity
zoonotic = aerosol, pneumonia

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10
Q

bordetellosis

A

bordetella avian or hinzii
morbidity 80-100%, mortality 0-40 % in turkeys
turkeys resistant after 5w old
trans = direct contact, litter (6m), feed

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11
Q

signs bordetellosis

A

appear 7-10d PI
sinusitis, clear nasal discharge, foamy watery eyes, cough, mouth breathing, dyspnea, tracheal rales
tracheal softening and collapse
PM = nasal and tracheal exudate, collapsed (dorsoventral flattening) trachea
chickens need another pathogen or vaccine to cause disease

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12
Q

diagnosis bordetellosis

A

signs an lesions, culture from trachea, ELISA, hemagglutination to differentiate B avium and B hinzii
no treatment
niacin in water can decrease signs

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13
Q

control bordellellosis

A

vaccines have variable efficacy - can decrease severity but not prevent infection
zoonotic - opportunistic pathogen

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14
Q

fowl cholera

A

pasteurella multocida
turkeys and waterfowl more susceptible than chickens
SOI = asymptomatic carriers, wild birds, rodents, dogs
trans = excretion from mouth, conjunctiva, contam crates, shoes, not egg

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15
Q

signs fowl cholera

A

acute - lots of dead without signs
chronic - depress, anorexia, mucoid discharge from mouth, increased RR, pneumonia
PM = vascular disturbances , hepatosplenomegaly, oophoritis, fibronecrotic dermatitis

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16
Q

diagnosis fowl cholera

A

history, signs, culture
PCR
DD = E.coli, S. enteritica, Erysipelas

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17
Q

prevent fowl cholera

A

good management, biosecurity, pest control, adjuvant bacterin serotype vaccine
attenuated live vaccine in water for turkey or wing web chicken

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18
Q

treat fowl cholera

A

depop, thorough clean and disinfect,
atb - early and good dose needed, penicillin in turkeys
treatment doesn’t necessarily eliminate from flock

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19
Q

gangrenous dermatitis

A

clostridium septicum and perfringens A alone or in combo
ubiquitous in environment, on skin and in intestines
risks = IBD, CIA, RE, IBH, poor litter, overcrowding

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20
Q

signs gangrenous dermatitis

A

onset less than 24h
fever, listlessness, ataxia, recumbency, subcut edema of lower body and thighs with no feathers, red/purple discolouration of the skin
PM= rapid autolysis, severe edema with gas, hemorrhage

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21
Q

diagnosis gangrenous dermatitis

A

signs, PM , culture, PCR
isolation of agent wo clinical signs is not diagnostic

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22
Q

treat gangrenous dermatitis

A

clean and disinfect, decrease trauma and risk factors, vaccinate against immunosuppressive diseases,
public health risk

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23
Q

infectious coryza

A

avibacterium paragallinarum
susceptibility increases with age
trans = direct contact, air droplets and drinking water
SOI = chronically ill or healthy carriers

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24
Q

signs coryza

A

mild - listlessness, serous nasal discharge, slight facial swelling
severe - extreme swelling of infraorbital sinuses, eyes shut, wattle edema, diarrhoea, decreased eggs
PM = grey, fluid exudate in sinuses

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25
diagnosis coryza
culture/PCR DD = fowl cholera, mycoplasma, laryngotracheitis, Newcastle, IB, AI
26
control coryza
all in all out, biosecurity, vaccinate w known serovars 4w before outbreak treat = atb in water then food disease can reoccur when atb stopped
27
listeria
listeria monocytogenes, ubiquitous in environment and can be in GI tract of healthy trans = ingestion, inhalation, wound contamination SOI = faces of cattle/swine after flooding young more susceptible POE = beak trimming injuries
28
signs listeria
septicaemic form = listlessness, lethargy, sudden death encephalitic form = ataxia, lateral recumbency, paddling, neck twisting, paralysis PM = myocardial necrosis, splenomegaly. encephalitic no gross lesions but foci of malacia in medulla oblongata
29
diagnosis listeria
PM and histopath, IHC, culture, PCR DD = septicaemic = colibacillosis, pasteurellosis. encephalitic = mareks, virulent newcastle
30
prevent listeria
treat hard in encephalitic form prevent = eliminate potential SOI zoonotic
31
necrotic enteritis
clostridium perfringens A and C normal in intestines so enterotoxemia occurs when there is an imbalance of macrobiotic ( usually w coccidia) risks = high animal products, wheat, barley or oat in diet
32
signs necrotic enteritis
sudden increase in mortality 2-50%, depress, diarrhea PM = ballooned and friable SI w brown foul swelling content in jejunum. mucosa has tan/yellow pseudomembrane
33
diagnosis necrotic enteritis
signs, diarrhoea and depress, SI lesions and micro seeing G+ rods DD = ulcerative enteritis ( usually focal lesions in ileum and ceca) or E. brunetti (milder)
34
prevent necrotic enteritis
prevent coccidiosis, good diet, no drastic diet changes, remove dead birds quickly atb in water for 5-7d outbreaks usually short and self limiting in flock regardless of treatment
35
ulcerative enteritis
clostridium colinum quail disease. in chickens linked to stress, coccidia and IBD spores survive in the environment for months
36
signs ulcerative enteritis
quail = sudden death up to 100% mortality in 2-3d, hemorrhagic enteritis chickens = anorexia, depressed, humped back, bloody/white diarrhoea. recover in 2-3w, mortality less than 10% PM = small round ulcers surrounded by haemorrhages in SI, ceca and upper LI, yellow grey necrotic foci in liver
37
diagnosis ulcerative enteritis
signs, ID bacteria on histopath, culture or PCR DD = coccidiosis, necrotic enteritis, histomoniasis ( differentiate based on liver lesions)
38
prevent ulcerative enteritis
bacitracin 200g/ton in quail goo management - avoid bringing new birds in, all in all out, pest control, decrease stocking density
39
staphylococcus
S. aureus is most pathogenic ubiquitous on skin POE = skin wounds, beak trimming, open navel localised or systemic infection
40
localised signs staph
bumble foot - pododermatitis omphalitis - lethargy, moist dark navel, longer retained yolk sac arthritis, synovitis, osteomyelitis
41
systemic signs staph
laying hens - sudden death, cutaneous inflammation, necrosis of comb and wattles PM = liver necrosis, enlarged and mottled spleen, gangrenous dermatitis
42
diagnosis staph
culture bacteria form lesion DD= strep, E.coli, P.multocida
43
treat staph
atb after susceptibility testing, better for systemic than localised prevent = stop wounds, clean litter, stop cannabalism pub health - can cause food poisoning in people
44
pseudomonas
ubiquitous in environment, opportunistic in chickens (immunosuppressed or healthy if gains access to bloodstream) %0-100% mortality in 4w old signs = yolk sac infections, ear infections, osteomyelitis, resp signs, diarrhoea, death treat = atb but resistance common
45
TB in poultry
Mycobacterium avium subsp avium serovars 1, 2, 3. maybe bovis, tb etc trans = aerosol, ingestion, can live in environment for years, chronic in small poultry outdoor flocks
46
signs TB poultry
usually all affected but only a few show signs decreased egg production or decreased weight gain PM = emaciation, no fat reserves, prominent bone, white firm masses in liver, spleen and bone marrow
47
diagnosis TB
fecal PCR but shedding intermittent culture but takes ages. stain granuloma or histopath shows bacteria DD = salmonella, E.coli, Staph, mareks, RE but only TB causes bone marrow granulomas
48
treat TB
not recommended control = depop so down continue to contaminate the environment can't put poultry on that area again zoonosis = yes but serovar of human M avium more similar to swine but still be careful
49
gallibacterium anatis
commensal in upper resp tract and genital tract of healthy chickens trans = oral or venereal signs = bacteriemia, oophoritis, follicle dengen, peritonitis, hepatitis, enteritis, resp disease affects intensively reared poultry - decreased egg production and mortality in broilers diagnosis = PCR DD = coryza, Newcastle, AI prevent = biosecurity
50
spirochetosis
brcahyspira piliscoli or intermedia chickens at risk when exposed to same environment as pigs pigs main host and ducks subclinical carriers
51
signs spirochetosis
yellow/brown diarrhoea, delayed start of laying, lighter eggs w pale yolks, egg shells w faeces on
52
diagnosis spirochetosis
signs, history, PCR, culture faeces prevent = dont keep chickens and pigs together, clean and disinfect and decrease rodents
53
enterococcus
enterococcus faecalis, faecium, cecorum opportunistic pathogen - normal in intestinal tract of poultry and birds some strains used as probiotics trans = oral or aerosol, skin wounds E. cecorum = osteomyelitis in broilers E. faecalis - all ages but v bad in embryos and chicks
54
signs enterococcus
acute - listlessness, lethargy, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea, decreased egg. PM - hepatosplenomegaly, congestion of SC tissue, multifocal tan areas of necrosis subacute/chronic - lameness, listlessness, head tremor. PM - pericarditis, airsacculitis, osteomyelitis, septic emboli E. cecorum - paralysis
55
diagnosis enterococcus
culture from lesions DD = staph, strep, collibacillosis, pasteurellosis
56
treat enterococcus
atb prevent = prevent immunosuppressive diseases, cleaning, sanitation vancomycin resistant enterocci in poultry possible transmission to humans
57
erysipelas
erysipelas rhusiopathiae turkeys mostly affected, ubiquitous in nature shed in faeces - contaminates soil POE = skin abrasions, MM (AI), ingestion (cannabalism), red mite mechanical vector
58
signs erysipelas
sudden death w droopy unsteady gait, suspect if AI 5d before cutaneous lesions and swollen hocks, vegetative endocarditis (sudden death) chickens - weakness, depress, diarrhoea PM = skin darkening, enlarged liver, friable and mottled spleen
59
diagnosis erysipelas
impression smear fo liver or spleen, see G+ rods, PCR DD = E.coli, P.multocida, salmonellosis, per acute Newcastle
60
treat erysipelas
fast acting penicillin prevent - live vaccine in water, 2 doses at 2-3w intervals. bacterin every 4w before start of egg production zoonotic
61
pullorum disease
Salmonella pullorum bacillary white diarrhoea (sporadic in backyard flocks) acute septicaemia in young and latent infection in adults signs = chicks = weakness, fast breathing, white/green/brown diarrhea. adults - decreased eggs, depress, decreased appetite PM = necrotic foci on liver, lungs, enlarged spleen. DD = colisepticaemia, S.gallinarum, IB, Aspergillosis
62
fowl typhoid
S. gallinarum acute = severe haemolytic anemia, adults more susceptible signs = 4-5d incubation, immediate death after hatching, slow growth, poor appetite. adults - pale comb, poor appetite, swollen joints PM = grey miliary necrosis in liver myocardium, peritonitis DD = fowl cholera, S.pullorum, Staph, Erysipelas
63
salmonella non specific for poultry
S.enteritidis, S. typhurium doesn't cause disease in poultry but excreted in environment signs = in less than 2w old, depress, anorexia, diarrhea PM = enlarged spleen and liver, maybe purulent arthritis
64
salmonella arizonae
significant in turkeys birds and reptiles are reservoirs, rodents spread adults = chronic carriers, colonises ovaries - vertical trans signs = mortality in first 3w of life, depress, closed eyes, ruffled feathers, blindness, diarrhea PM = enlarged yellow liver w focal necrosis, enlarged gall bladder, retained yolk sac, blurred lens and retina. cystic ovaries
65
diagnosis of salmonellosis
gold standard = bacteriology and culture serotyping, ELISA, PCR
66
treatment of salmonellosis
only in poultry in pain/suffering or to preserve important genetic material eradication not possible due to reservoirs and environmental pollution
67
prevention of salmonellosis
educate consumers, improve slaughterhouse hygiene, control on farms, salmonella free flocks, biosecurity, monitor flocks, immunoprophylaxis pre and probiotics, essential oils etc
68
vaccination salmonellosis
live attenuated - S.enteriditis, parents and layers on first day of life and booster 6-8w and 16-18w and 3w before laying in water inactivated - S. enteritis, S. typhimorium, parenteral application, to decrease egg contamination, last vaccine at least 2w before laying
69
human salmonellosis
gastroenteritis, septicaemia, osteomyelitis, pneumonia
70

Chicken (4 decks)

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