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Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Gumboro

A

Infectious bursal disease
serotype 1 - subclinical, virulent or very virulent
shed in faeces, transmitted by fomites
morbidity 100%
mortality 5-60%
most susceptible 3-6w old
signs = incoordination, prostration, diarrhoea, vent picking. B cell response affected
PM = bursa edematous with yellow transudate and hemorrhage. congestion of pectoral and leg muscles and atrophy of the bursa

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2
Q

Gumboro diagnosis

A

gross bursal lesions and micro lymphocyte depletion, PCR and VI on 9-11d chorioallantoic
DD = mareks, IBH, aflatoxicoses
No treatment

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3
Q

Chicken anemia

A

CIAV
trans = feco-oral, maybe resp and through infected feather follicle epithelium. Vertical, in semen
SOI = contaminated litter
signs = anemia, weakness, weight loss, depress
PM = pale organs, atrophy of thymus and bursa, yellow bone marrow. BLUE WING - haemorrhage under skin

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4
Q

chicken anemia diagnosis

A

PCR, decreased hematocrits, history and signs
no treatment
prevent = live vaccine injection or in water before start of laying. maybe natural exposure but risky. vaccinate 7d old broilers in USA
very resistant to disinfectants and heat
lots of synergy with other immunosuppressive viruses so control those

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5
Q

Mareks epidemiology

A

alphaherpesviridae - MDV1 are mild, virulent and avirulent and MDV2 and 3 are avirulent
ubiquitous in environment
highly contagious and survives months in litter and dust - matures to infective form in epithelium in the feather follicle and then released to environment
affects older than 4w old

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6
Q

mareks pathogenesis

A

1 early cytolytic infection
2 latent
3 second phase of cytolytic infection - permanent immunosuppression
4 proliferative phase - lymphoid neoplasms
affects CD4 lymphocytes

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7
Q

mareks signs

A

transient paralysis, depression, atherosclerosis, death due to paralysis as birds can’t reach food
PM = enlarged nerves - vagus, brachial and siatic, tumours in liver, spleen, heart, lungs, enlarged feather follicles

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8
Q

mareks diagnosis

A

diagnose tumours not infection as ubiquitous. enlarged nerves, PCR
DD = reticuloendotheliosis (older chickens and no nerve changes) LL (no bursal tumour in LL, also 14w+ in LL)

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9
Q

mareks control

A

vaccine in hatchery or in ovo on 18th day of incubation

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10
Q

Lymphoid leukosis

A

avian retrovirus
affects B lymphocytes and 16w+ chickens
trans = shed in to yolk (congenital infection) and horizontal in faeces
not too highly contagious, trans decreased by good sanitation
outcomes:
1 no viremia, no antibody
2 no viremia with antibody
3 viremia with antibody
4 viremia no antibody

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11
Q

LL pathogenesis

A

transforms in intact bursa 4-8w PI
tumours detectable until 14w old, death around sexual maturity
subclinical decreases egg production with no tumours

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12
Q

signs of LL

A

inappetence, weakness, diarrhoea, emaciation
PM = tumours in liver, spleen, bursa, kidney

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13
Q

diagnosis of LL

A

history, signs, PM, histopath, IHC, VI, serology
control = no treatment or vaccine, eradicate from breeding stock (test eggs for antigen)

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14
Q

reticuloendotheliosis

A

reticuloendotheliosis virus 3 subtypes
trans = horizontal most common but vertical too, mosquitos and insects

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15
Q

pathogenesis reticuloendotheliosis

A

non neoplastic runting - 4-10 w old
acute neoplastic - after 6-8w latent period, T cells
chronic - B cells affected, looks like LL

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16
Q

signs reticuloendotheliosis

A

weight loss, paleness, occasional paralysis and abnormal feathering
PM = abnormal feathers, bursa and thymic atrophy, tumours in liver, spleen

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17
Q

diagnosis reticuloendotheliosis

A

history, signs, difficult PM, PCR
control = none practiced
no treatment

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18
Q

egg drop syndrome

A

duck adenovirus 1
spread by contaminated Mareks disease vaccine
trans = vertical most frequent, horizontal
most susceptible = broiler parents and brown egg layers
in ovo infected show signs at sexual maturity

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19
Q

signs egg drop

A

transient diarrhoea, apathy, decreased egg production, rough/thin shells, loss of shell pigment

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20
Q

diagnosis egg drop

A

IHA test, gel immunodiffusion
DD = Newcastle, IB, AE
prevent = inactivated vaccine at 14-20w

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21
Q

age LL

A

older than 16w

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22
Q

age reticuloendotheliosis

A

older than 17w

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23
Q

age mareks

A

older than 4w

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24
Q

bursa lesions neoplastic diseases

A

LL nodular changes
RE rare atrophy
M rare diffuser atrophy

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25
cells affected neoplastic diseases
LL B lymphocytes RE B and T lymphocytes M CD4 lymphocytes
26
avian encephalomyelitis
AEV - epidemic tremor trans = vertical and horizontal (feco-oral) morbidity and mortality up to 50%
27
AE signs
ataxia, tremors, weakness, paralysis, biphasic mortality pattern PM = no gross lesion on Brian, maybe cataracts in survivors
28
diagnosis AE
history, signs, PM, RT-PCR, IHC, VI of brain, duodenum or pancreas DD = bacterial/mycotic encephalitis, neurotropic Newcastle, rickets, nutritional encephalomalacia
29
prevent AE
no treatment vaccinate broiler pullets at 8w old or 4w before laying, often combined with fowl pox and given by wing web stab
30
IBH and hydropericardium syndrome
fowl adenovirus trans = vertical and horizontal signs = sudden mortality in less than 6w old chicks, lethargy, huddling, ruffled feathers, yellow mucoid droppings
31
PM IBH and hydropericardium
swollen enlarged liver w yellow discolouration. HHS = straw coloured transudate in pericardial sac
32
diagnosis IBH and HHS
mortality pattern and gross lesions histopathology and PCR no treatment prevent = live or inactivated vaccine
33
hemorrhagic enteritis
Turkey adenovirus 3 (siadenovirus) trans = feco-oral/cloacal and contam equipment
34
signs hemorrgaic enteritis
100% morbidity, 1-60% mortality 7-9w old turkeys, depress, pallor, bloody faeces, 2nd bacteria infections 2w later so second wave of mortality PM = congestion and haemorrhage in SI and enlarged friable mottled spleen
35
diagnosis hemorrhagic enteritis
signs, PM and PCR DD = colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, RE, Newcastle prevent = live vaccine in water at 4-5w old
36
marble spleen disease
turkey adenovirus 3 (siadenovirus) trans = feco-oral maybe resp signs = 3-8w old pheasants, acute dyspnea, asphyxiation 2-3% mortality PM = splenomegaly, vascular congestion diagnosis and prevent same as hem enteritis
37
infectious bronchitis
IBV - avian gammacoronavirus disease in chickens, subclinical in pheasants shed in resp discharge and faeces for 20w trans = aerosol, ingestion, clothing, equipment incubation 24-48h
38
IB signs
chicks = cough, sneeze, tracheal rales, depress, conjunctivitis, dyspnea, bacterial infection of sinuses nephropathogenic strains - wet faeces, ruffled feathers, death. permanent damage to oviduct so never reach normal production (false layer) decreased egg production and thin, wrinkly rough shells PM = exudate in sinuses and resp tract, cystic oviducts
39
IB diagnosis
9-11d old embryos - chicks stunted with curling and urates in mesonephros RT-PCR typing important for vaccine
40
IB control
no medication live attenuated vaccinate 1-14d old chicks by spray, water, eye drop then 2w after adjuvant inactivated vaccine given to breeders and layers to prevent egg losses and to protect progeny
41
runting-stunting syndrome
broilers and turkeys unknown cause - enteroviruses, reoviruses, mycotoxins, astroviruses trans = vertical, feco-oral after hatching
42
signs runting stunting
1-3w old broilers uneven growth, lack of pigmentation of skin, beak or feet, broken/twisted feathers (helicopter wings), undigested feed in faeces lameness, ostodystrophy PM = enlarged proventriculus, atrophy of pancreas, thymus and bursa, orange mucus in SI lumen
43
diagnosis runting stunting
signs and PM no treatment no vaccine (yes for reoviruses) prevent = good nutrition and sanitation, analyse feed for mycotoxins
44
transmissible viral Proventriculitis
cause = chicken proventricular necrosis virus (birnavirus) signs = decrease growth, poor feed conversion, organ rupture at processing (extra costs due to condemnation) diagnosis = PCR
45
fowl pox
fowl pox virus (avipoxvirus) trans = contact through skin abrasions, mosquitos mechanical vectors resistant in environment and survives in dry scabs slow spreading, low mortality in cutaneous , higher in diphtheritic or systemic
46
signs fowl pox
cutaneous - nodules on unfeathered skin and head and neck of turkeys, become thick dark scabs diphtheritic - lesions on mm of mouth, oesophagus, trachea, caseous patches/proliferative masses ( DD= larngotracheitis) systemic = lesions on internal organs, decreased egg production
47
diagnosis fowl pox
gross and micro lesions isolate on 9-12d chorioallantoic membrane PCR
48
prevent fowl pox
no treatment prevent = vaccinate, live attenuated at a few weeks old and again at 12-16w old check for swelling and scab at site of vaccine (wing web)
49
turkey coronavirus
few week old turkeys trans = feco-oral, house flies mechanical vectors. shed for weeks after recovery
50
signs turkey coronavirus
sudden 100% morbidity decreased egg production, chalky white eggs without normal pigment, depress, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhoea PM = pale, thin walled intestines, atrophy of bursa
51
diagnosis turkey coronavirus
serology, PCR DD = astroviruses, rotavirus, salmonella, cryptosporidia no treatment, no vaccine prevent = biosecurity, depop, clean and disinfect then rest for 3-4w
52
rhinotracheitis
avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) Paramyxoviridae causes turkey rhinotracheitis and swollen head syndrome. trans = direct or indirect contact with contam things, aerosol, wild birds are reservoirs and distribute it AMPV A and B = chickens and turkeys AMPV C = turkeys and ducks
53
signs rhinotracheitis
turkeys = serous ocular and nasal discharge, frothy eyes, conjunctivitis, depress, anorexia. mortality 1-50% chickens = swelling of infraorbital sinuses, nasal discharge, opisthotonus. cough leads to uterus prolapse. decreased eggs ducks = resp signs, decreased eggs and shell quality PM = mucus in sinuses, swelling and hyperaemia of resp tract
54
diagnosis rhinotracheitis
tracheal or choanal swab before 6th day ( once signs obvious sit harder to detect) inoculate on 6-8 d egg RT-PCR, IF, ELISA DD = Newcastle, IB, AI, Mycoplasma
55
prevent rhinotracheitis
good management, ventilation, live vaccine spray or in water inactivated to boost layers after live
56
viral enteritis
related with runting stunting rotavirus, astrovirus, arboviruses
57
avian rotavirus
less than 6w old trans = feco-oral often co infection with astro signs = unrest, ingestion of litter, watery faeces, diarrhoea, runting stunting diagnosis = PCR no vaccine prevent = strict biosecurity as v resistant
58
avian astroviruses
v young birds most susceptible trans = feco-oral and vertical (deformed embryos or hatch w high viral loads) signs = diarrhoea, enteritis, frothy cecal contents, abnormal feathering diagnosis = RT-PCR DD = avian nephritis virus, IB no vaccine
59
arbovirus
arthropod borne virus transmitted by hematophagous arthropod causes = encephalitis - turkey Isreal meningoencephalitis
60
poult enteritis mortality syndrome
cause unknown but viruses and poor housing signs = decreased food, increased water, slow growth, mucus yellow faeces, osteoporosis morbidity 100% mortality 25-96% survivors never reach full size diagnosis = signs, PCR
61
duck circoviruses
causes = immunosuppression, growth disorders and feather abnormalities affects 40-60d old ducks trans = horizontal
62
duck hepatitis B
used to make vaccine for human hepatitis B trans = vertical and horizontal - immune mediated hepatic damage
63
hemorrhagic nephritis enteritis virus
cause = goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus signs = hemorrhage in kidneys, intestines and lungs, edema of SC tissue, SC haemorrhage, ataxia, head tremor, bloody faeces stays in flocks for 2w 30% mortality
64
avian influenza
type A orthomyxovirus -16HA and 9NA subtyes LPAI = subclinical in wild HPAI = mutation of H5 N7 LPAI trans = ingestion or inhalation spread by fomites and bad biosecurity sporadic H5 HPAI in dogs/cats/foxes
65
signs of AI
LPAI = sneezing , cough, ocular and nasal discharge, swollen infraorbital sinuses, decreased egg production HPAI = death w no signs, cyanosis or edema of head, comb and wattle, red discolouration of shanks and feet, green diarrhoea. if survive acute, then torticollis, paralysis, incoordination
66
diagnosis of AI
oropharyngeal or cloacal swab and internal organs if HPAI allantoic cavity 9-11d embryos agglutinate RBC RT-PCR DD = IB, laryngotracheitis, low virulent Newcastle, coryza
67
prevent AI
biosecurity, report outbreaks, depop, antigenically matched inactivated vaccines
68
zoonosis of AI
yes, eurasian lineage of H5N1 HPAI can be fatal risk = contact w dead birds or close contact w human cases resp infections or conjunctivitis
69
Newcastle
Newcastle disease virus ( avian paramyxovirus type 1) virulent = velogens and mesogens - reportable low virulent - lentogens - used as live vaccine
70
epidemiology Newcastle
trans = shed in exhaled air, resp discharge, faeces. vertical unclear waterfowl shed w no signs young chickens most susceptible incubation = 4-6d
71
signs Newcastle
rapid onset, none pathognomic, depends on tropism high virulent viscero = lethargy, anorexia, whistling noise, mucus discharge, head edema, cyanotic comb, green diarrhoea, no eggs, watery albumen 100% mortality high neuro = resp signs, tremors, paralysis, torticollis, 50% mortality mesogenic = resp, decreased egg, neuro, low mortlaity low virulent = inapparent/mild resp, decreased eggs w soft shells and abnormal shape pigeons = conjunctivitis, dyspnea, diarrhoea, cyanosis
72
PM Newcastle
petechiae on serous membranes, haemorrhage of proventricular mucosa, congestion and haemorrhage on trachea and lungs, egg peritonitis
73
diagnosis Newcastle
oropharyngeal or cloacal swab on allantoic cavity 9-11d real time RT-PCR (swab, tissue, faeces) DD = HPAI, IB, laryngotracheitis, metapneumovirus, coryza
74
prevent Newcastle
biosecurity, disinfect, clean, cull infected and susceptible vaccinate - live lentogenic in water or spray nares in DOC inactivated after live in breeders or layers vectored recombinant in ovo zoonosis = conjunctivitis in humans
75
duck viral enteritis
duck plague cause = antatid herpesvirus 1 trans = direct from sick to susceptible, indirect w contam environment (water) recovered are life carriers
76
duck viral enteritis signs
3-7d incubation sudden high mortality, unable to stand, weakness, photophobia, extreme thirst, ataxia, males have penile prolapse PM = DIC, necrosis of GI tract and lymphoid tissue, free blood in body cavities, mucosal eruptions yellow plaques to green scabs to diphtheritic membranes, enlarged copper liver, hemorrhagic annular bands in intestines
77
diagnosis duck viral enteritis
history and lesions, PCR, IM inoculation of day old ducklings DD = duck hepatitis, pasteurellosis, necrotic/hemorrhagic enteritis
78
prevent duck viral enteritis
no treatment prevent = stop contact w wild waterfowl or free flowing water. MLV vaccine SC or IM in older than 2w duckling and revac breeders every year control = depop, remove from environment, sanitation
79
infectious larynogotracheitis
gallid herpesvirus 1 (ILTV) signs = gasping, coughy bloody mucus, extended neck, decreased activity, suffocation. mortality up to 50% after recovery carriers for life diagnosis = PM, PCR, history control = biosecurity, live attenuated vaccine in eye or spray. recombinant vaccine in ovo, submit or wing web
80
avian nephritis virus
astrovirus trans = direct or indirect contact, vertical but less common shed in kidneys and faeces for 10d PI signs = none- mortality from kidney disease or severe growth retardation diarrhea PM = nephritis, swollen pale kidneys, excessive urate deposition, intestinal lesions diagnosis = RT-PCR no treatment, no vaccine prevent = fogging house, clean and disinfect
81
paramyxoviruses
PMV1 = Newcastle, 21 others MOT = feco-oral from contact w wild birds, spread through flock slow AMPV5 = serious disease in budgies signs = 2,3,6 = resp, decreased eggs and watchability 2 = resp and sinusitis, more severe in turkeys 7= rhinitis and airsacculitis 3, 7= enlarged liver and spleen diagnosis = oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, inoculate on 9-11d, RT-PCR. no serology as cross reaction w Newcastle DD = LPAI, IB, metapneumovirus prevent = bird proof houses, vaccines for AMPV3 in turkey breeders
82
duck viral hepatitis
cause = DHV A type 1 signs = 18-48h incubation. lethargic, lose balance, paddle, opisthotonus, death. no signs in older than 7w old . mortality 95% PM = enlarged liver w hemorrhagic foci, enlarged and mottled spleen, congested vessels diagnosis = history, lesions, PCR no therapy prevent = strict isolation for first 5w, rat control, avoid waterfowl MLV vaccine SC in neck of breeders at 16, 20 and 24w then 12w after throughout layer inactivated 1x IM after MLV antibody from hyperimmunised chickens given SC to protect flock
83
parvo in waterfowl
goose parvovirus, muscovy duck parvovirus - anseriform dependoparvovirus 1 trans = vertical from infected adults shed in faeces - lateral spread
84
signs Parvo
less than 1w old - anorexia, death in 2-5d mortality up to 100% 2-4w old - ocular//nasal discharge, white diarrhoea, weakness, decreased growth, loss of feathers, 10% mortality PM = fibrinous pseudomembrane on tongue, SI, pul edema, pericarditis, rounded apex of heart
85
diagnosis of Parvo
clinical course, age, PM, isolate on eggs, PCR, ELISA, IF DD = duck viral enteritis, duck viral hepatitis no treatment prevent = hatch goslings together from 1 flock (dont mix), vaccinate breeders
86
prevention of gumboro
live attenuated in eye, water or SC 1-21d old vectored vaccine/immune complex vaccine in ovo or hatchery breeders = live then with inactivated before start of laying

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