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Bacteria Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Unusual and chemically distinct cell wall that
lacks true peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

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2
Q

Part of the cell wall only found in bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Classifications of Archaea

A

MEPH

Methanogens - Convert CO2 and H2 into methane gas (CH4)

Extreme Halophiles - require salt to grow (uses red pigment eg. sunlight)

Psychrophiles - grow at very low temp/cold

hyperthermophiles - Grow at very high / hot temperature
Salt and acid tolerant

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4
Q

Characteristics used between bacteria and archaea in early years

A

shape, arrangement, growth,
characteristics, and habitats

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5
Q

Difference between bacteria and archaea in recent years

A

biochemistry, genetics, and
molecular traits

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6
Q

4 major divisions of taxonomic scheme

A

Gracilicutes - gram negative cell wall / thin skinned

Firmicutes - gram positive / thick and strong

Tenericutes - lack cell walls / soft

Mendosicutes - archaea

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7
Q

3 divisions of diagnostic scheme

A

Gram-positive
Gram-negative
Bacteria without cell walls

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8
Q

Subgroups of diagnostic scheme

A

• Cell shape
• Arrangements
• Oxygen usage

Aerobic – use oxygen in metabolism (aerobes)

Anaerobic – do not use oxygen in metabolism (anaerobes)

Facultative – may or may not use oxygen (facultative bacteria)

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9
Q

Activities of bacteria

A

Colonies- clusters

Biofilms – could cause some harmful effects to humans

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10
Q

What is bacteria capable of

A
  • Reproduction
    Binary fission – multiplication of single bacterium into millions

-Metabolism
-Nutrient processing

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11
Q

Average size of bacteria

A

1 micrometer

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12
Q

Size of nanobacteria

A

0.05 to 0.2 micrometer

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13
Q

100 to 750 μm
Largest bacterium
Found in South Africa
Can be seen by the naked eye

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

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14
Q

Bacterial shapes

A

Coccus/cocci - oval (micrococcus luteus)

Bacillus/bacilli - rod/cylindrival streptobacillus sp.

Curved spiral vibrio cholera

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15
Q

Mo definitely shape or variation of bacteria

A

Pleomorphism

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16
Q

Types of cocci

A

Diplococci – pairs
- Neisseria sp. – causes gonorrhea and
meningitis in humans
- Streptococcus pneumoniae –
causes respiratory diseases
(pneumonia)

• Tetrads – groups of four
• Staphylococci and micrococci – irregular clusters
• Streptococci – chains of a few to hundreds
• Sarcina – cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

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17
Q

Types of bacilli

A

Diplobacilli – pairs of cells with their ends attached
o Klebsiella sp.
o Moraxella
o Coxiella burnetti

Streptobacilli – chains of cells
Streptobacillus moniliformis – responsible for causing the rat bite fever (present in saliva of rats)

• Coccobacilli – short and stumpy

Palisades – cells of a chain remain partially
attached and fold back, creating a side-by-side
row of cells (have picket-fence like shape)

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18
Q

Types of coccobacilli

A

Chlamydia trachomatis – causes chlamydia

Gardnerella vaginalis – cause
bacterial vaginosis among women

Haemophilus influenzae – cause respiratory diseases, especially in children

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19
Q

Type of palisades

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae – causes diphtheria

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20
Q

Curved bacteria

A

Vibrio - comma shaped
Spirillium - helical and rigid
Spirochete - flexible and helical

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21
Q

Bacteria without cell walls

A

Pleumorphic
Mycoplasma species

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22
Q

Display extreme variations in shape due to lack of cell walls (can alter size and shape)

Their cell walls are softer

A

Mycoplasma

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23
Q

Two major appendages of bacteria

A

Flagella and axial filaments
- Provide motility / movement

Fimbriae, pili, and nanowires
- Provide attachment points or channels

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24
Q

Flagellar arrangements

A

Polar – flagella attached at one or both ends of the cell

  • Monotrichous – single flagellum
  • Lophotrichous – small bunches or tufts
  • Amphitrichous – flagella at both poles of the cell
    • Peritrichous – flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
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25
A special form of flagella for spirochetes
Periplasmic flagella
26
Two or more long coiled threads found in spirochetes
Axial filaments
27
Movement in response to chemical signals
Chemotaxis
28
Movement towards the light
Phototaxis
29
Appendages for attachement
Pili - adhesion but not locomotion Fimbriae - adhesion but not locomotion Flagella - also used for attachment
30
Small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria Composition varies, but most contain proteins
Fimbriae
31
use fimbriae to adhere to epithelial cells
Escherichia coli
32
Long, rigid, tubular structure made of pilin protein Only found in gram-negative bacteria Used in conjugation
Pili
33
Surface coatings
S layer - produced in hostile environments / single protein linked Glycocalyx - gelatinous Slime layer - losee / prtects from loss of water Capsule - tightly bound / denser thicker
34
Has a very thick layer of cell wall / peptidoglycans Purple or blue stain Crystal violet
Gram positive
35
Has a very thin layer of peptidoglycans & has an extra layer called the outer membrane layer Pink or red Safranin
Gram negative
36
Provides strong structural support to keep the cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic pressure Primarily made up of peptidoglycans
Cell wall
37
Made up primarily of alternating chains of proteins and sugars
Peptidoglycan
38
Gram positive cell wall
Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid
39
Lack cell wall structure of gram-positive or gram- negative bacteria
Nontypical cell wall
40
Very long-chain fatty acid Contributes to pathogenicity of these organisms Provides stronger protection
Mycolic acid (cord factor)
41
used to diagnose tuberculosis and leprosy
Acid fast stain
42
Naturally lack cell wall Membrane is stabilized by sterols / fatty acids and is resistant to lysis
Mycoplasmas
43
Functions of cytoplasmic membrane
Energy reactions Nutrient processing Synthesis Regulate transport
44
Stimulates fever and shock reactions
Endotoxins
45
Anchor the outer membrane to peptidoglycan
Lipoproteins
46
Only allow relatively small molecules to penetrate
Porin proteins
47
Prominent site for the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities
Cytoplasm
48
Single circular strand of DNA Aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid DNA is tightly coiled around basic protein molecules to fit into the cell compartment
Bacterial chromosome
49
Nonessential pieces of DNA Important for genetic engineering
Plasmids
50
Organelle that are not membrane bound Made up of RNA and protein for protein synthesis
Ribosomes
51
Measurement of the relative size of cell parts through sedimentation during centrifugation
Svedberg units
52
Svedberg (S) units of bacterial And eukaryotic ribosomes
Bacterial - 70S Eukaryotic - 80S
53
Storage site for nutrients during periods of abundance
Inclusion bodies
54
Long polymers of proteins similar to eukaryotic actin Potential target for antibiotic development
Cytoskeleton
55
Withstand hostile conditions and facilitate survival • Can resist: o Heating o Drying o Freezing o Radiation o Chemicals
Endospores
56
Two phase life cycle
1. Vegetative cell - active 2. Endospore - resting
57
Occurs when the bacteria has been exposed in a hostile environment Process of transformation from vegetative cell to endospore
Sporulation
58
Process of transformation from endospore to vegetative cell
Germination
59
Diseases to spore persistence
1. Bacillus anthracis (cutaneous and inhalation anthrax) 2. Clostridium tetani - tetanus 3. Clostridium perfringens - infection of wounds 4. Clostridium botulinum - botulism / infected cans or jars
60
Members cause boils, skin infections, sepsis
Staphylococcus
61
Species cause strep throat, dental caries, pneumonia
Streptococcus
62
Involved in wound infections
Peptococcus & Peptostreptococcus
63
Anthrax
Bacillus
64
Tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism
Clostridium
65
Erysipeloid
Lactobacillus, Listeria, and Erysipelothrix
66
Diphtheria
Corynebacterium
67
Tuberculosis, leprosy
Mycobacterium
68
Gonorrhea, meningitis
Neisseria
69
Dental disease
Veillonella
70
Pneumonia, burn infections
Pseudomonas
71
Pneumonia
Mycoplasma
72
Urinary infection
Ureplasma

Microbiology (7 decks)

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