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Parasitology > Bacteria > Flashcards

Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What kingdom are bacteria in?

A

Kingdom Eubacteria

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2
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Living cells.

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3
Q

How do bacteria live?

A

They are usually free living, but may be obligate intracellular parasites too.

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4
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Prokaryote or Eucaryote

A

They are prokaryotic with no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles.

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5
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Nucleus

A

They do not have a membrane bound nucleus. The DNA is free in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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6
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Plasma Membrane

A

They have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall.

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7
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Cell Wall**

A
  1. Rigid, gives the bacterium its shape.

2. Thick and tough. Very important protective layer.

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8
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Cell Wal/Gram Stain**

A

The structure of the cell wall differs in Gram Pos. and Gram Neg. bacteria.

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9
Q

What is the anatomy of bacteria?

Size

A
  • Considerable variation.

- About 1-10 micrometers in length

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10
Q

How many micrometers are in one meter?

A

1,000,000

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11
Q

Classification of bacteria is based on what 2 things?

A
  1. Gram reaction.

2. Shape

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12
Q

Is Gram reaction important in diagnosis and treatment?

A

Yes, it is very important. Many antibiotics will work on one Gram group and not the other.

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13
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria

A
  • Stain purple.

- Have a thicker cell wall.

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14
Q

Gram Negative Bacteria

A
  • Stain light pink / orangish.

- Thinner cell wall.

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15
Q

What are the 3 major shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. Coccus (Cocci)
  2. Bacillus (Bacilli)
  3. Spirillum (Spirilli)
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16
Q

What shape is Coccus / Cocci bacteria?

A

Round

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17
Q

What shape is Bacillus / Bacilli bacteria?

A

Rod

-bacteria is sometimes called rods instead of bacilli.

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18
Q

What shape is Spirillum / Spirilli bacteria?

A

Spiral

  • look like tiny corkscrews
  • much less common than cocci and bacilli.
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19
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

All bacteria are classified according to Gram reaction and shape.
ex: Gram Neg. bacillus, Gram Pos. bacillus, Gram Pos. coccus

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20
Q

What is the life cycle of bacteria?

A

It is very simple.

  • no immature or juvenile stages.
  • divide by binary fission.
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21
Q

What is binary fission?

A

When one adult cell divides into two new adults.

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22
Q

How is bacteria diagnosed (5 steps)?

A
  1. Collection of specimen from patient.
  2. May involve evaluation under a microscope of live bacteria.
  3. Usually requires culture of bacteria on media.
  4. Gram Staining and other lab tests.
  5. May use antibody tests.
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23
Q

What is sometimes done for a definitive diagnosis with bacteria?

A

Culture may be sent to another lab.

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24
Q

In what way are bacterial infections treated?

A

Antibiotics - antimicrobial agents.

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25
Q

Can you use one antibiotic for everything?

A

No. Each one is effective against specific groups of microorganisms.
*called the SPECTRUM of the antibiotic

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26
Q

What about bacterial resistance?

A

Many have become resistant to antibiotics. Should test cultures for antibiotic sensitivity.

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27
Q

What does Staphylococcus spp look like?

A
  • Gram Pos. Coccus

- Occurs in clumps, look like a clump of grapes.

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28
Q

Staphylococcus spp resistance?

A

Extremely resistant to destruction in the environment.

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29
Q

Where are Staphylococcus spp found?

A

Ubiquitous, they are found everywhere.

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30
Q

Staphylococcus spp and skin?

A

They are normally found on the skin.

*can infect body through skin lesions or mucous membranes.

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31
Q

What is the most common Staphylococcus spp?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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32
Q

What is Staph spp commonly isolated from?

A

Often from pyogenic lesions.

  • infected wounds
  • dermatitis (red, sore, scaly skin)
  • otitis
  • conjunctivitis
  • cystitis, maybe cellulitis
  • many others
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33
Q

What is a common disease caused by Staph spp?

A

Mastitis: causes decrease in milk production and visible change in quality of milk.

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34
Q

What can happen if Staph spp. Infections are not treated?

A

It can become systemic and enter the blood.

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35
Q

What else can Staph spp. cause?

A
  • common cause of skin and subcutaneous infections.

- common cause of urinary infections.

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36
Q

What does Streptococcus spp. look like?

A

Gram Positive Coccus occurring in chains or pairs.

-looks like beads on a string.

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37
Q

Where is Streptococcus spp. found?

A 
In the mucous membranes.
-tonsils
-skin
-intestinal tract
-bovine udder
-others
Some are fecal.
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38
Q

What kind of pathogens are Streptococcus spp?

A

They are mainly opportunistic pathogens.

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39
Q

Does Streptococcus spp last long in the environment?

A

All but the fecal strep do not survive long in the environment.

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40
Q

How is Streptococcus spp transmitted?

A
  • Through direct contact or aerosol.

- Often through the milkers hands and milking machines.

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41
Q

What can Streptococcus cause in all mammals?

A

Can cause pyogenic infections and mastitis.

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42
Q

What does Streptococcus spp cause in dairy cows and goats?

A
  • One of the most common causes of Mastitis.
  • Can be acute or chronic.
  • Can cause great economic losses in dairy industry.
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43
Q

What is Streptococcus spp a common cause of in horses?

A

Strangles

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44
Q

What is another name for Strangles?

A

Equine Distemper.

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45
Q

What causes Strangles?

A

Staphylococcus equi

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46
Q

What symptoms does Strangles have?

A

Causes pus-like discharge from nose and swollen throat and lower jaw.

  • hard to swallow “strangles”.
  • lymph nodes in neck fill with pus and often burst.
  • fever, depression, etc.
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47
Q

How is Strangles diagnosed?

A

Culture S. equi from pus from nostrils.

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48
Q

Is Strangles fatal?

A

Not usually, horse usually recovers.

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49
Q

Is Strangles contagious, how is it transmitted?

A

Very contagious within a herd.
Transmitted by:
-passed easily by food, water, tack.
-direct or indirect contact.

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50
Q

Strangles and vaccination.

A

There is a nasal aerosol vaccine that is very good.

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51
Q

Is Strangles zoonotic?

A

No, it is not.

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52
Q

What does Streptococcus cause in swine?

A

It can cause meningitis or septicemia.

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53
Q

What is the Streptococcus that causes illness in swine?

A

Streptococcus suis

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54
Q

What does meningitis do in swine?

A

It infects the CNS.

  • lameness, convulsions, paralysis, death.
  • death may be sudden.
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55
Q

What does septicemia do in swine?

A
  • Fading piglet syndrome.
    • mostly in wrangling pigs.
  • Pneumonia, often leading to sudden death.
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56
Q

What bacteria causes fading piglet syndrome?

A

Streptococcus suis

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57
Q

Is Streptococcus suis zoonotic?

A

Yes.

  • It is passed to humans through wounds on skin or on mucous membranes.
  • Can cause bacterial meningitis or TSS in humans
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58
Q

Do all pigs with Streptococcus suis show symptoms?

A

No. They may be asymptomatic carriers.

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59
Q

What causes Lyme Disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

-Causes Lyme Disease in dogs, humans, and cats.

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60
Q

What does Borellia burgdorferi look like?

A

Gram negative spirillum

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61
Q

Does Borellia burgdorferi grow slowly or fast?

A

It is a very slow growing bacteria.

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62
Q

How does Lyme Disease grow in the environment?

A

Not very well.

  • it cannot be grown in a lab.
  • the exception is that it grows really well in some animal hosts.
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63
Q

What is the reservoir host for Lyme Disease?

A

Voles and mice (mainly mice)

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64
Q

What are the transport hosts for Lyme Disease?

A

Deer ticks or black legged ticks.

-in the Northeast mostly Ixodes scapularis

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65
Q

How is an animal infected with Lyme Disease?

A
  • The tick picks up the organism from a mouse or vole.

- Transports it to the animal or human by biting.

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66
Q

Where are Lyme Disease bearing ticks found?

A

Mostly in grasslands and woodlands. They like to feed on deer, sheep, horses, and rodents.

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67
Q

Is Lyme Disease the same in dogs and cats?

A

It is similar, but more severe in dogs.

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68
Q

What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?

A
  • Sudden lameness of one or more joints.
  • Swelling of joints and lymph nodes.
  • Also may be fever, anorexia, lethargy.
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69
Q

How long do the symptoms of Lyme Disease last?

A

Only three to four days. However, they can recur at intervals of every several weeks or months.

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70
Q

What happens in more serious cases of Lyme Disease?

A

In some cases it may cause sever heart, kidney, or neurological problems. It can cause arthritis over time.

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71
Q

Are all animals with Lyme Disease symptomatic?

A

No. They may be in fetched, but never show signs of illness.

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72
Q

When does lameness set in with Lyme Disease?

A

2 to 5 months after infection.

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73
Q

How is Lyme Disease treated?

A

With antibiotics.

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74
Q

How do animals respond to treatment for Lyme Disease?

A

Most animals respond within three to four days.

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75
Q

Can an animal get Lyme Disease more than once?

A

Yes, they may be reinfected.

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76
Q

How is Lyme Disease prevented?

A

There is a vaccine, but it is not always recommended. Tick prevention and removal is best.

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77
Q

Why is the Lyme Disease vaccine not recommended?

A

It has many side effects.

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78
Q

What is the cause of Ehrlichiosis?

A

Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii

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79
Q

In what animal is Ehrlichiosis common?

A

Dogs

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80
Q

What kind of bacteria is Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii?

A

It is a Rickettsia

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81
Q

What does Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii look like?

A

A small Gram Negative obligate intracellular cocci.

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82
Q

What does Ehrlichiosis infect?

A

It infects and lives inside white blood cells.

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83
Q

What type of disease is Ehrlichiosis?

A

A leukotrophic disease.

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84
Q

What are the 2 forms of Ehrlichiosis?

A

CME - Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

CGE - Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis

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85
Q

What are granulocytes and monocytes?

A

They are types of white blood cells.

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86
Q

What is the cause of CME?

A

Ehrlichia canis

87
Q

What does CME infect?

A

It infects monocytes.

88
Q

What are the major symptoms of CME?

A

Lack of platelets and bleeding.

89
Q

What is the cause of CGE?

A

Erchlichia ewingii

90
Q

What does CGE infect?

A

Mainly neturophils (WBC)?

91
Q

What are the main symptoms of CGE?

A

Lameness, joint swelling, polyarthritis (arthritis in multiple joint.s

92
Q

What are the general symptoms of Ehrlichiosis?

A

It is multi-systemic and has rather nonspecific symptoms.

93
Q

What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichiosis?

A
  1. Acute
  2. Subclinical
  3. Chronic
94
Q

What symptoms occur in the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

Mild, lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged lymph nodes, low platelet count, joint pain.

95
Q

Do dogs recover from the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

Yes, they do.

96
Q

How long does the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis last?

A

2 to 4 weeks.

97
Q

What happens during the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

During this phase, it is infecting the wbc’s and the spleen.

98
Q

Where do WBC’s live?

A

In the lymphatic tissue.

99
Q

What symptoms occur during the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

Dogs appear to be normal.

100
Q

How long does the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis last?

A

It can last up to several years.

101
Q

Where is the organism hiding during the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

It is hiding in the spleen.

102
Q

What happens during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

The dog will get sick again.

103
Q

What symptoms will the dog show during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A
  • May have abnormal bleeding (low platelet count).
  • Kidney damage, loss of blood cells (leukopenia)
  • May have neurological symptoms and arthritis.
104
Q

What is a dog commonly diagnosed with during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?

A

Leukemia

105
Q

How is Ehrlichiosis transmitted?

A

By ticks (mainly the brown dog tick).

106
Q

How is Ehrlichiosis diagnosed?

A
  • By symptoms: fever, enlarged lymph nodes, bleeding, low platelet counts.
  • With a blood (snap) test.
107
Q

How is Ehrlichiosis treated?

A

With antibiotics, mainly Doxycycline and Tetracycline.

108
Q

How is Ehrlichiosis prevented?

A

Tick control.

109
Q

What does Clostridium spp. look like?

A

Gram positive bacillus, club shaped with endospore.

110
Q

Is Clostridium spp. always pathogenic.

A

No, it can be a beneficial bacteria.

111
Q

What is Clostridium spp.?

A

A large, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria.

112
Q

What can Clostridium spp. produce?

A

Toxins that produce extensive tissue damage.

113
Q

What can accompany a Clostridium spp. infection?

A

An accumulation of gas.

114
Q

Where is Clostridium spp. normally found?

A

Soil, sewage, feces, water, feed, and GI tract of herbivores.

115
Q

How long can Clostridium spp. survive?

A
  • In boiling water, for half an hour.

- In the soil, for years.

116
Q

What is one way to treat Clostridium spp. infections?

A

A hyperbaric chamber.

117
Q

Are antibiotics effective against Clostridium spp.?

A

No. They are very resistant.

118
Q

What 3 diseases does Clostridium spp. cause?

A
  1. Enterotoxemia
  2. Tetanus
  3. Botulism
119
Q

What is the cause of Enterotoxemia?

A

Clostridium perfringens

120
Q

What are the symptoms of Enterotoxemia?

A
  • Dysentery, diarrhea, toxemia, vomitting.

- Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, mostly in dogs.

121
Q

Can Enterotoxemia be fatal?

A

In ruminants and swine.

-high mortality rate in lambs, calves, pigs, foals.

122
Q

How does Clostridium perfringens enter an animal?

A

It is ingested by the host.

123
Q

What is the cause of Tetanus?

A

Clostridium tetani

124
Q

What does Clostridium tetani produce?

A

Tetanus toxin.

125
Q

Who does Tetanus infect?

A

All species of domestic animals.

-especially horses

126
Q

How does Tetanus enter the animal?

A

Via a puncture wound.

127
Q

What is the first sign of Tetanus?

A

Animal may seem nervous, have a stiffness in gait.

128
Q

What are other symptoms of Tetanus?

A

Muscular Spasms

  • especially in head and neck.
  • lockjaw (masseter muscle)
129
Q

How does an animal with Tetanus die?

A

By dehydration.

130
Q

What is the cause of Botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

131
Q

What does Clostridium botulinum produce?

A

A very powerful neurotoxin.

132
Q

How does Botulism enter an animal?

A

It can be ingested, or it can enter the host through a wound.

133
Q

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

A

Ataxia, recumbency, paralysis starting in the hind quarters.

134
Q

Where is one place that Clostridium botulinum is easily found?

A

At the bottom of a pile of hay, especially wet hay.

135
Q

What does Escherichia coli look like?

A

Small Gram Negative rods (or coccobacilli)

136
Q

What is E. coli normally a part of?

A

The intestinal flora, but it can cause disease under the right circumstances.

137
Q

What is the most common way that E. coli is transmitted?

A

The fecal-oral route.

138
Q

What is E. coli a cause of in many animals?

A

Diarrhea, vomitting, gastroenteritis

139
Q

Is E. coli serious?

A

It can cause death due to dehydration.

140
Q

Who is E. coli especially dangerous to?

A

Suckling and weanling pigs and neonatal calves.

141
Q

What types of infections can E. coli cause?

A

Urinary tract infections and upper respiratory infections.

142
Q

What can it cause in dairy cows?

A

Mastitis

143
Q

What are Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Proteus similar to?

A

E. coli

144
Q

What are Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Proteus called?

A

Enteric organisms

145
Q

What does Salmonella do in a dog?

A

Common cause of diarrhea.

146
Q

What does Pasteurella multocida look like?

A

Small Gram Negative bacilli (or coccobacilli)

147
Q

What does Pasteurella multocida cause?

A

A wise variety of disease in many different animals.

148
Q

Where is Pasteurella multocida most commonly found?

A

In a bite wound.

149
Q

Is Pasteurella multocida serious?

A

It is a serious infection in animals and humans.

150
Q

Where does Pasteurella multocida infect dogs and cats?

A

In wounds

151
Q

Where Pasteurella multocida normally found in dogs and cats?

A

The mouth.

152
Q

What kind of pathogen is Pasteurella multocida?

A

Opportunistic

153
Q

What type of infection does Pasteurella multocida cause in most animals?

A

Upper respiratory tract.

154
Q

What does Pasteurella multocida cause in rabbits?

A

Snuffles

155
Q

Is snuffles fatal?

A

It can be.

156
Q

What can snuffles infect if left untreated?

A
  • The heart and uterus.

- Can become septic.

157
Q

What types of infections does Snuffles cause?

A

Pneumonia and upper respiratory infections.

158
Q

What are the symptoms of Snuffles.

A

Sneezing, coughing, runny eyes and nose.

159
Q

What does Pasteurella multocida cause in swine?

A

Swine plague

160
Q

What are the symptoms of Swine Plague?

A
  • Pneumonia-like symptoms.

- High fever, cough, anorexia.

161
Q

Is Swine Plague a primary or secondary infection?

A

It is almost always a secondary infection.

162
Q

What can Swine Plague progress to?

A

Meningitis.

163
Q

How are Pasteurella multocida infections treated?

A

Penicillin and other antibiotics.

164
Q

Is Pasteurella multocida zoonotic?

A

Yes, through bites and scratches from animals.

165
Q

Who does Pasteurella multocida commonly infect?

A

Veterinary workers

166
Q

What type of infection does Pasteurella multocida normally cause in humans?

A

Usually a skin infection.

167
Q

What can Pasteurella multocida cause in humans?

A

Pneumonia.

168
Q

Is Pasteurella multocida fatal to humans.

A

Not usually, though it can lead to meningitis.

169
Q

What does Bordatella bronchiseptica look like?

A

Small Gram Negative bacilli (and coccobacilli)

170
Q

Where is Bordatella bronchiseptica found?

A

It is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of dogs and swine.

171
Q

What does Bordatella bronchiseptica do to dogs/rabbits?

A

Often causes secondary infection in dogs with viral infections.
-rabbits with snuffles.

172
Q

How is Bordatella bronchiseptica spread?

A

Droplet inhalation.

173
Q

What are the symptoms of Bordatella bronchiseptica?

A

-Honking, unproductive cough.

174
Q

What disease does Bordatella bronchiseptica cause in dogs?

A

A cause of kennel cough or bronchopneumonia in dogs.

175
Q

Is Bordatella bronchiseptica contagious?

A

It is highly contagious.

176
Q

What other animals can Bordatella bronchiseptica infect?

A

Pigs and cats in addition to dogs and rabbits.

177
Q

What were Anaplasma phagocytophilium or Anaplasma platys originally classified as?

A

Until 2001 they were classified as Ehrlichia genus.

178
Q

What do Ehrlichia and Anoplasma have in common?

A

They are both rickettsial infections of the blood.

179
Q

Do all animals infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilium or Anaplasma platysshow signs of infection?

A

Most do not show signs of disease. They are subclinical carriers.

180
Q

What are the symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A
  • Mild, flu-like symptoms.
  • Fever, lethargy, anorexia.
  • General muscle pain (reluctance to move).
181
Q

What does Anaplasma phagocytophilium do in a healthy animal?

A

It it self-limiting in a healthy animal.

182
Q

How long does infection last in healthy dogs?

A

One to a few days.

183
Q

What are the chronic and noticeable symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A
  • Closely mimic those in Lyme Disease.

- Joint pain and lameness (polyarthritis)

184
Q

Which set of symptoms are the more common?

A

The chronic symptoms are the most common.

185
Q

What happens in rare cases of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

May cause other disorders such as diarrhea, vomiting, and sometimes respiratory.

186
Q

Can dogs become carriers of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

Some dogs my become essentially asymptomatic carriers.

187
Q

How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium transmitted?

A

Eastern US: Ixodes scapularis
Western US: Ixodes pacificus
*prefers reptiles to mammals.

188
Q

What must happen for Anaplasma phagocytophilium to be transmitted to dogs?

A

It must bite dog for at least 24 hours to transmit disease.

189
Q

How many dogs in the northeast US test positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

80% - it is endemic

190
Q

How many dogs in the western US test positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

20%

191
Q

How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium diagnosed?

A

Snap test.

192
Q

What does the snap test for with Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

It tests for exposure not for clinical disease. Many subclinical or not ill patients will test positive on this.

193
Q

What can the snap test for Anaplasma phagocytophilium distinguish between?

A

Ehrlichiosis and Lyme Disease

194
Q

What can Anaplasma phagocytophilium be easily confused with?

A

Lyme Disease

-lameness, polyarthritis

195
Q

What are clinical symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

-Possible fever, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting.

196
Q

What do patients test positive for in addition to Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

In our area, Anaplasmosis and Lyme Disease are often found in the same patient.

197
Q

What are the hematologic symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A
  • Seeing morula in neutrophils of infected animals.

- Thrombocytopenia mild to severe.

198
Q

Is it hard to see morula in netorphils of animals infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

Yes. Doing a buffy coat smear helps id this.

199
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelet count.

200
Q

How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium treated?

A

Doxycycline and related antibiotics.

201
Q

How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium prevented?

A

Tick control. There is no vaccine.

202
Q

Is Anaplasma phagocytophilium zoonotic?

A

Yes, but not directly from a dog. From a tick bite.

203
Q

What is the major reservoir for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?

A

White tailed deer and several small rodents including mice and voles.

204
Q

What does Anaplasmosa platy infect?

A

Mainly platelets.

205
Q

What does Anaplasmosa platy cause?

A

Infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia disease (infects platelets).

206
Q

What type of disease is Anaplasmosa platy?

A

A tick borne rickettsial disease.

207
Q

What tick is responsible for Anaplasmosa platy?

A
  • Rhipicephalus (Wood Tick)

- Dermacentor (Brown Dog Tick)

208
Q

What animal is mainly affected by Anaplasmosa platy?

A

Dogs

209
Q

Do all dogs show symptoms of Anaplasmosa platy?

A

Most infected dogs will have no or mild clinical disease.

210
Q

What does Anaplasmosa platy do in severe cases?

A
  • Thrombopenia with inclusion bodies visible in platelets.

- This is cyclic in two or three week intervals.

211
Q

What are the symptoms of the acute form of Anaplasmosa platy?

A

Pale mucous membranes, lethargy, and fever.

212
Q

How is Anaplasmosa platy diagnosed?

A
  • With a whole blood smear.
  • Morula in circulating platelets.
  • Snap test.
213
Q

How is Anaplasmosa platy treated?

A

With antibiotics.

Parasitology (14 decks)

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