Bacteria Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Dermatophylus spp. general?
A
faccultative anaerobe, filamentous cocci, gram +, horses, cattle, goat, and sheep
-congolensi
2
Q
Dermatophylus species
A
Horses, goat, cattle -> rain rot
Sheep -> strawberry rot and lumpy wool skin
(no lameness)
Keratinized epidermis w/ neutrophilic exudates
3
Q
Dermatophylus pathogenesis
A
wet skin or wounds entry; not endogenous
4
Q
Dermatophylus clinical signs
A
horse, cattle, sheep -> paint brush sessions, exudate in the skin portion of the hair
Sheep -> lameness and paint brush sessions in hair
5
Q
Dermatophylus tx, dx, and control
A
Dx -> scrapings from lesions
Tx -> physical remove lesions, ab variety is good; no resistance, remove water exposure
6
Q
Cornybacterium general and species
A
mycelia acid, diphtheric, facultative anaerobe
-C. cytiditis, C. renale, C. pilosum, C.
Natural inhabitants of the urogenital tract
pseudotuberculosis
Natural inhabitant -> endo.
7
Q
Cornybacterium spp. species
A
Cattle, Horses, sheep, and goat = Ungulates
8
Q
Cornybacterium pathogenesis
A
C. cytiditis,
C. renale (pisilrock disease) -> usually on males ,
C. pilosum -> UTI
Urease seen -> increase pH & high protein diet
C. pseudotuberculosis -> granuloma and edema
9
Q
Cornybacterium Cx
A
UTI
Frequent urination
Hemouria
goat and sheep -> necrotizing prepuce and adjacent tissue
Granuloma and edema Lymphadenitis: External lymph nodes -> goats Internal lymph nodes -> sheep Edema: Pigeon fever -> Chest abscess
10
Q
Cornybacterium Tx, Dx, and control
A
UTI
-High urine pH, Penicillin ab
Granuloma and absces
- drain and administer antibiotics -> surgical intervention
- Clean stuff for sheering
11
Q
Clostridium spp. general?
A
Gram + bacteria, spore-forming, bacillus, obligate anaerobe, natural inhabitant of soils and some digestive tract
12
Q
Clostridium species bacteria
A
Dermatitis C. perfringes C. septicum C. sordelli C. chauvoei
Gastroententeritis
Clostridiodes difficile
C. perfringes
C. pilliformi -> intracellular
Neuroinflammation
C. tetani
C. botulinum
13
Q
Clostridium pathogenesis (all available pathogenesis!)
A
C. chauvoei
- anoxic conditions
- membrane damaging toxins -> micro necrosis
- increase capillary permeability -> necrosis and vasculitis
C. perfringes
-Intestines: enterotoxemia, toxins; acute disease and X
-Muscle and tissue: also associated with malignant edema; tissue damage due to enterotoxin. -> X
(for your info: possible involvement in HGE in dogs)
C. botulinum
- ingested spore germinates
- toxin synthesis and sporulation within the intestines
- carried to presynaptic neuromuscular junction -> block SNARE
- flaccid paralysis -> X
C. tetani
- spores germinate in intestines
- creation of toxins
- transport of toxins within the body -> neuronal cleft uptake
- blockage of inhibitory neurons and spastic paralysis ensues.
C. difficile
- spores germinate in intestines after some event
- produce enterotoxins -> cytotoxic to epithelial cells & macrophages
14
Q
Clostridium clinical signs
A
Neuronal
- spastic paralysis -> C. tetani
- Shaker foal syndrome + wound botulinum -> flaccid paralysis -> C. botulinum
GI
- Hemorrhagic necrotizing enterocolitis & chronic diarrhea -> C. difficile
- Acute and highly fatal disease -> C. perfringes
- Tyzzer’s disease -> hepatic neurosis, stews induce -> C. pilliformi
Derm
- Necrotizing cellulitis, hemorrhage edema; painfully warm then cold -> C. perfringes, C. septicum, C. sordellii
- Blackleg -> edematous, hemorrhagic, necrotic lesions -> C. chauvoei
15
Q
Clostridium dx
A
Derm
-clinical signs & necropsy results, fluorescent antisera can be used.
GI
ID toxins by ELISA or PCR, gross findings on necropsy (C. perfringes), C. pillifromi see intracellular, PCR done
Neuron
-wound samples w/ Gram+ bacteria with spores
16
Q
Clostridium endogenous infectious and toxin vs. infection
A
Endogenous:
C. chauvoei
C. difficile
C. pilliformi
17
Q
Clostridium species animals
A
C. chauvenoi -> cattle
C. perfringes, C. speticum, C. sordelli -> cattle and sheep
C. tetani -> horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs (in order of importance)
C. botulinum -> birds, cattle, sheep, goats, and horses
C. perfringes -> cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and dogs
C. difficile -> horses, pigs, and dogs
C. pilliformi -> rodents and lagomorphs (primarily) foals, dogs, and cats (rarely)
18
Q
Clostridium tx
A
C. difficile -> ab; give antitoxin
C. tetani -> ab available w/ muscle relaxant
C. botulinum -> detect toxin in plasma or feed; detect bacteria in the GI tract
C. botulinum -> purgative remove toxin in GI, antitoxin and ab; decried wound if needed
C. chauvenoi, C. septicum, C. perfringes, C. sordellii -> difficult, irrigate wound and give ab
19
Q
Clostridium control
A
C. difficile and pilliformi -> avoid stress!
C. perfringes -> reduce chances by high fiber-low protein diet
C. tetani -> disenfect instuments before using; give tetanoid vaccine
C. botulinum -> vaccines given
C. chauvenoi, C. septicum, C. perfringes, C. sordellii -> vaccines available.
20
Q
Erisilopelothrix spp. general
A
Gram+, facultative anerobic bacteria, slender bacillus
-rhusiopathiae
Natural inhabitant of the GI tract, lymphoid tissue
21
Q
Erisilopelothirx spp. species
A
- pigs -> diamond skin disease, acute, and chronic
- turkeys -> acute w/ vegetative endocarditis
- sheep -> chronic one more often
22
Q
Erisilopelothrix spp. clinical signs and pathogenesis
A
Erysipelas:
-diamond skin disease -> reddish diamond blotches, scabs, sloughing
Actue:
-fever, anorexia, blotches, scabs, sloughing
Chronic:
-arthritis, vegetative endocarditis
23
Q
Erisilopelothrix spp. Dx, Tx, and control
A
Dx: source bacteria from blood or skin
Tx: resistant to various ab! -> penicillin effective
Control: vaccines available (attenuated strain in pigs; bacteria in turkeys)
24
Q
Staphylococcus spp. general
A
Gram+, cocci, facultative anaerobe, natural inhabitant of the skin, pyo reaction often seen, resistants often seen.
25
Staphylococcus spp. species
Dogs -> pseudointermedius
Pigs -> hyucus
Cattle -> aureus (contagious mastitis)
26
Staphylococcus spp. pathogenesis
Hyucus:
- colonized piglets after birth
- Toxin produced -> porcein desmoglein 1 -> forms vesicles
- blister formation -> change in fluid
- External skin sloughs off -> further fluid loss
Pseudointermidius:
- Has Type I pilli for adhesion
- P/pap pilli possible... unsure?
- Urease enzyme -> increase pH within the bladder; urolith formation and complement inactivation
Aureus:
Chronic
-fibrosis of mammary glands -> decrease production
Acute
-mammary glands swollen, firm, red, and painful
-flakes and clots in milk
Gangrenous
-vasoconstriction of the vessels; ischemia; death
-necrosis ensues -> blood tinged serum seen
27
Staphylococcus tx, dx, and control
```
Pseudointermedius:
Dx:
-skin scrapping
-impression smears
-culture for evidence of mix infection
Tx:
-ab resistant common!
-Ab and Ab shampoo
```
```
Hyucus:
Dx:
-Clinical history; culture necessarily
Tx:
-Need to culture; ab resistance
-autogenous bacteria available
```
Aureus: (MRSA)
Dx:
catalase positive; can also be term coagulase +/-
coagulase + -> most often
coagulase - -> rare; opportunistic pathogen
Tx:
-Resistant is variable! -> sensitivity needed
-Dry cow therapy works
-bacterin available.
-HARD to eliminate -> persistent
28
Mycobacteria spp. general
pseudoGram+, mycelia acid, cocci, aerobic
M tuberculosis + M. bovis -> transiten by inhalation go bacteria
M. avium spp. -> ingestion
29
Mycobacteria spp. species
Cattle, sheep and goat (potentially any mammal):
M. bovis
M. tuberculosis
(most common in group housed animals)
M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
M. avium spp. avium
30
Mycobacteria spp. pathogenesis
M. avium spp. paratuberculosis:
- ingestion of bacteria
- Cross M cells and take up macrophages
- Multiply inside macrophages
- Cell wall component survive endolysosome and form graulomatous lesions -> monocyte surround bacteria
- thickening of intestinal wall -> malabsorptive diarrhea
31
Mycobacteria spp. clinical signs
Tuberculosis -> M. bovis, M. tuberculosis
erratic appetite, irregular low grade fever, progressive emaciation
Johne's disease -> M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
Cattle: severe diarrhea, normal appetite, protein loosing nephropathy, drop in milk production.
Sheep and goats: little to no disease
M. avium spp. avium
Chickens: chronic granulomatous disease -> progressive emaciation; depression
(usually only seen in older flocks and laying hens, not in meat)
32
Mycobacteria spp. tx, control, and dx
M. tuberculosis and M. bovis
Dx:
-tracheobronchial and gastric lavage; lymph node aspirate, biopsy, slaughter surveillance
-tuberculin skin test
Tx:
-transmitted by deer -> keep them out.
M. avium spp. paratuberculosis
Dx:
-lymph node smear, intestinal or rectal scrapping
-fecal sample -> culture or PCR (unreliable)
-ELISA
-Johnin test -> intravenous inoculation and look for fever
Tx:
-Clarithromycin works -> not feasible $
-Cull animals
-Segregate infected animals
-Feed good quality colostrum; non-infected cow
-Vaccines sketchy -> may not work
```
M. avium spp. avium
Dx:
-Clinical signs, gross lesions
Tx:
-Resistant to common anti-tuberculin drugs
-Cull affected birds
```
33
Streptoccocus spp. general
Gram+, coccus, facultative anaerobe, pyogenic common
34
Streptoccocus spp. species
Pigs: S. suis (natural inhabitant)
Horses: S. equi spp. equi; S. equi spp. zooepidemicus
Dog: S. equi spp. zooepidemicus, S. canis
Cattle: S. uberis, dysgalactea, agalactea
35
Streptoccocus spp. clinical signs
```
Cattle: Mastitis
Enviromental -> found within area
-S. uberis -> subclinical
acute form: fever, malaise, inappetence
swollen mammary gland; edematous, firm
clots and flakes
-S. dysgalactea ->clots and flakes
-swollen mammary gland w/ clots and flakes
```
Contagious:
-S. agalactea -> subclinical w/ periodic acute inflammation
```
Neuronal:
S. suis
-septicemia, arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis
-associated with stress
-paddling disease
```
Respiratory:
S. equi spp. equi (strangles) + zooepidemicus
-abscess within adjacent lymph nodes in upper respiratory
-severe pharingitis and laryngitis -> swallowing difficult
-fever waxes and wanes
zooepidemicus to a lesser degree
-more pathogenic in dogs and cats -> hemorrhagic pneumonia
S. canis
-mild disease
36
Streptoccocus spp. Dx, Tx, and control
```
Mastitis:
-transmitted through contact
Dx
-Isolate from milk; catalase negative.
Control:
-Good hygienic practice; ab treatment effective, non-specific
```
```
Neuronal:
-transmission by inhalation, direct contact, fomites
Dx:
-cerebrospinal fluid, meningeal swabs
Tx:
-strep species resistant to penicillin.
Control:
-mass medication of animals during outbreaks
-reduce stress
-vaccine available
```
Respiratory:
-not a normal commensal
Dx:
-isolate from nasal discharge, lymph node or trans wash
-catalase negative
-PCR
Tx: no resistance in ab for these species
37
Bacillus spp
anthracis; found within the environment, acquired by ingestion
38
Bacillus spp. general
Gram +, aerobic, spore-forming bacillus
39
Bacillus spp. species
Horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and swine -> all LA species
40
Bacillus spp. clinical signs
Cattle:
rapid death, usually aassociated with edema and high fevers, chills, agalactia, abortion...
Horses -> less severe; colic + diarrhea
Swine -> regional lymphadenitis only
41
Bacillus spp. Dx, Tx, and control
Dx:
- Blood samples
- Clinical signs
Tx:
-ab; not resistant
Control:
- viking funeral
- sporadic germination of spores
42
Nocardia spp. species and bacteria
-Dog: asteroides and nova
43
Nocardia spp. general
Gram+, aerobe, filamentous bacilli, mycelia acid present
- natural inhabitant of environments
- inhalation, ingestion or trauma
- suppurative bacteria
44
Nocardia spp. clinical signs
- suppurative to granulomatous inflammation,
- necrotizing pneumonia wi/ pyothorax
- pyogranuloma with draining tract
- local pyogranuloma seen in skin -> draining tract
45
Nocardium spp. dx, tx, control
Dx:
- exudate analysis for Gram+ bacteria
- differentiation from fungal organisms important
Tx:
-ab treatment; no resistant
-Disease of immunosupresed individuals!
46
Rhodococcus spp. bacteria and species
- Horses; equi
| - Occasional disease in pigs.
47
Rhodoccocus spp. general
- Gram+, variably acid fast, aerobic coccus or bacillus
- clinical: bacillus
- cultured: coccus
- normal inhabitant of soil and manure
48
Rhodococcus spp. clinical signs
- pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia -> foals
- large accesses in the lungs + bronchial lymph nodes
- fever, increased respiratory rate, cough and bilateral nasal discharge.
49
Rhodococcus spp. Dx, Tx, and control
Dx:
- transtracheal + exudate sample aspirate;
- Clinical signs; demonstrate gram + bacilli/cocci
- catalase +
Tx:
- high sensitivity to ab treatment
- resistant to b-lactams
- resistance rising
Control:
- avoidance of contaminated areas
- dust control
- passive immunity -> colostrum
- no vaccines
50
Trupurella spp. species and bacteria
- pyogenese
- cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
- cattle caused mastitis -> summer mastitis
51
Trupurella spp. general
- Gram+, bacillus or diphterod, facultative anaerobe
- inhabitant of skin, resp tract, urogenital tract
- spread by flies
- purulent
52
Turpurella spp. clinical signs
Mastitis:
- mammary gland firm
- abcess develop -> drain through skin.
Respiratory:
- supurative pneumonia
- 2nd to 2nd infection
53
Trupurella spp. Cx, Tx, and control
```
Mastitis:
Dx:
-clin signs: infection during the dry period
-pus from abscess milk
Tx:
-drain abscess; destroy quarter
Control:
-control bugs
```
Respiratory:
- control with ab -> penicillin
- normal control of respiratory disease.
54
Listeria spp. species and bacteria
- monocytogenes; small ruminants and cattle
| - ivanovii; cattle, sheep, and goats
55
Listeria spp. general
Neuro:
- circling disease
- Silage disease
General:
- widespread in nature
- Gram+, bacillus, facultative anaerobe
- cause uptake and rocket propulsion
56
Listeria spp. clinical signs
Neuro:
-Ataxia, circling to one side, head tilt, unilateral facial paralysis, dropped ear, head pressing
Repro:
-abortions
57
Listeria spp. dx, tx, and control
Neuro:
-brain tissue -> cold enrichment; low number of bacteria
tx & control:
-ab sensitive; eliminate poor quality silage; low pH silage?
Repro:
Dx:
-placental tissues isolation; no enrichment needed
-abomasum content or uterine discharges also
Tx & control:
- sensitive to wide variety of ab
- eliminate poor quality silage
- improve hygiene -> prevent transmission.
58
Enterococcus spp. species and bacteria
- dog: (general class); rarely seen in cats
- Gram-
- Klebsiella
- Proteus mirabilis
- Escherichia coli -> most common UTI infection w/in small animals
59
Enterococcus spp. clinical signs
-urinary:
URGENCY!
ascending infections to kidneys.
cystitis often seen -> painful urination, increase frequency, urine often cloudy,
-pyonephritis often seen.
60
Enterococcus spp. dx, tx, control
Dx:
- quantitative bacteria analysis of urine
- examination of inflammatory cells + gram stain bacteria
- often not seen;
Tx:
- subceptibility testing important for ab treatment -> resistance seen
- variety of ab effective though
- longer course of tx for pyelonephritis
61
Staphylococcus spp. clinical signs
Pseudointermedius:
Skin:
-papular lessions, pustules, folliculitis
Hyucus
- greasy pig disease
- thin brown scales develop then become dark and greasy
Aureus:
3 forms:
chronic:
-palpable fibrosis, decrease production
acute:
- mammary gland swollen, firm, red, warm, painful
- flakes and clots
gangrenous:
- vasoconstriction, ischemia, tissue death
62
Fusobacterium spp. general and species
- Gram- bacilli or filamentous; obligate anaerobes
- necrophorum
- Horses and cattle -> foot
- Cattle -> mouth
- Swine-> bullnose in swine
- natural inhabitant of the mucous membrane
- exposure through constant
63
Fusobacterium spp. clinical sign
Foot rot:
- foot rot, fissures in interdigital space
- necrosis observed
- lameness in one feet
- interdigital dermatitis
Calf diphtheria:
- oral laryngeal necrobacillosis
- foul-smelling necrotic swelling in cheek, fever, depression, anorexia
- laryngeal -> same clinical signs; more painful
Bullnose-> necrotic rhinitis
- injury to face or oral cavities
- necrotic cellulitis
- depression of food
64
Fusobacterium Dx, Tx, and control
```
Foot rot:
Dx:
-PCR
-Bacterial isolation from discharge
Tx:
-ab tx
Control
-trim hooves
```
```
Calf Diphtheria:
Dx:
-necrotic material from lesions
-cultured under anerobic conditions
Tx:
ab effettive
Control:
-improve hygiene.
```
65
Dichelobacter spp. general and species
- Gram- anerobic
- nodosum; sheep and goat
- part of the complex of foot rot; starts with fusobacterium necrophorum
66
Dichelobacter spp. clinical signs
- interdigital swelling, invasion of epidermal structures
- seperation from underlaying cornet structure
- lameness, foul-smelling lesions
67
Dichelobacter dx, control, tx
```
Dx:
-clinical presentation and gram - rods present in exudate
Tx:
-debreif of tissue and exposure to air
-topical ab
Control:
-bacterin available; not widely use
-more clean practices
```
68
Streptobacillus spp. general and species
- Gram-, facultative anaerobe, pleimorphic bacteria
- natural inhabitant of respiratory tract of rats
- rats and humans
- rat bite fever
69
Streptobacillus spp. control only
avoid rats; transmitted by bitting rats
70
Bartonella spp. general and species
- Cat scratch fever
- Gram-, obligate aerobe
- hensella (rarely, clarridgeiae)
- need contact with flea dirt
71
Bartonella spp. clinical signs
- asympotmatic in cats
- cat scratch fever in humans; lymphadenitis
- meningo-encephalitis
72
Leptospira servars spp. general and species
- Gram- spirochete, obligate aerobes
- dog, cattle, pig, horse
- motile bacteria
- periplasmic flagella -> LPS b/w their membranes
- inhabitant in kidneys of reservoir host
73
Leptospira servars spp. clinical signs
-spread within the host
-multiple disease:
kidney, liver, spleen -> most common
-CNS, eyes, genital tract -> dependent on servars and animals
-renal and hepatic disease, acute hemorrhagic disease, abortion, periodic ophthalmia
74
Leptospira serovars spp. dx, tx, and control
-spread by being
Dx:
- serology to detect antibody for leptospira
- urine for isolation -> other fluids can work
- PCR to confirm Lepto
- Grow on semisolid medium
Tx:
-ab treatment
Control:
- vaccines available
- rodent control
- avoidance of contaminated things with urine
75
Taylorella spp. general and species
- Gram-, facultative anaerobe, coccobacillus
| - contagious equine metritis
76
Taylorella spp. clinical signs
-mare: actue endometritis
77
Taylorella spp. dx, control, tx
Dx:
- fastidious organism, hard to grow
- chocolate agar
Tx:
- ab used in carrier species and infected
- tx until double negative
Control:
-dont breed mares to an infected stallion (asymptomatic)
78
Campylobacter spp. general and species
- Gram-, curved bacillus, microaerophillic
- reproductive and GI
- C. fetus spp. fetus, C. fetus spp. veneralis, C. jejuni
- C. fetus spp. veneralis found in the prepuce of males and vagina of females -> cattle
- C. fetus spp. fetus found in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats
- C. jejuni and C. coli -> dog
79
Campylobacter spp. clinical signs
```
Reproductive:
C. fetus spp. venerealis
-veneral transmission
-endometritis, sometimes salpingitis
-failure to implant -> abortion
C. fetus spp. fetus, C. jejuni -> sheep and goats
-placentitis, abortion
```
Dog
C. jejuni, C. coli
-gastroenteritis -> mildly loose feces w/ watery diarrhea
-+/- diarrhea w/ mucous and blood
80
Campylobacter spp. dx, tx, and control
Reproductive:
Dx:
-sample from prepuce or vagina in cattle
-live aborted fetus sample also useful
-pathogneumonic lessions in the liver of aborted fetus for aim circles
Tx:
-ab work to halt abortion storms
Control:
-seperate animals
-vaccination of bulls possible (bacterins; before breeding)
-C. jejuni -> resistant to tetracycline
```
GI:
Dx
-fecal samples
-incubated at certain marks
Tx:
-self-limiting disease
-fluid and electrolyte replacement
Control:
...
```
81
Chlamydia spp. general and species
- Gam-, obligate intracellular bacteria, obligate aerobe
- Complex life cycle -> elemental and reticulate body
- Natural inhabitant of mucous membranes of respiratory tract, genital and GI tract
Repro:
(ovine enzootic abortion)
-C. abortus -> goats, cattle, and pigs
Respiratory:
- C. felis -> cats
- C. pecorum -> small ruminants
- C. psittaci -> psittacosis, ornithosis
82
Chlamydia spp. clinical signs
Repro:
- transmitted by ingestion
- placentitis, abortions -> only in late term transmission
Keratitis:
- Conjunctivitis in cats -> discharge, blepharospasm
- Conjunctivitis in small ruminant, keratitis less common in small ruminant
```
Respiratory:
Avain chlamydiosis
Older psittacine birds:
-stress associated
-refusal to feed, mucopurlent nasal discharge
Non-psittacine birds
-inappetance, weight loss, reduction in egg production
Parrot fever -> pneumonia
```
83
Chlamydia spp. dx, tx, and control
```
Repro:
Dx
-seen by staining cells
-clinical signs
Tx
-treated w/ ab
Control:
-bacterins given to ewe prior to breeding
-does not reduce infection
```
```
Resp & Kera:
Dx:
-see bacteria
-grown in tissue culture
Tx:
-ab (tetracycline)
Control:
-regulate bird import
```
84
Brucella spp. general and species
-Gram-, aerobic coccobacillus, facultative intracellular bacteria in macrophages
-Veneral transmission, ingestion, penetration of skin, inhalation
Most important:
-B. abortus -> cattle
-B. melitensis -> sheep and goat
-Replicate in regional ln -> systemic spread in repro organs, mammary and lymph nodes
Less:
- B. ovis -> sheep
- B. suis -> pigs
- B. canis -> dog
85
Brucella spp. clinical signs
B. abortus:
- abortions in females, epididymitis & orchitis in males
- necrotizing cotyledons + exudate seen
B. melitensis:
-placentitis, necrotizing cotyledons
B. suis:
-orchitis most prominent
B. ovis:
- mild disease
- lameness and bones
B. canis
-other tissues; lameness and ovitis
86
Brucella spp. dx, tx, and control
Dx:
-isolation from milk, placenta, uterine discharge, aborted fetal tissue
Tx:
-prolonged ab tx for dogs
-no tx for LA species
-tx failure common
Control:
-vaccine -> unable to differentiate between infected and vaccinated
-NOT seen in the USA -> test and slaughter
87
Pasturellacea spp. family
-Gram-, facultative anaerobic pathogens (-actinobacillus aerobic pathogen).
-Found in the respiratory tract of the animal
(NOT avibacterium)
-usually endogenous infection
(NOT avibacterium -> found in sick animals)
-transfered by inhalation
88
Pasturellacea spp. species and bacteria
- Avibacterium paragallinarum (bacillus) -> chickens (infectious coryza)
- Histophilus somni (bacillus) -> cattle, sheep,
- Actinobacillus pleuropneumonae (coccobacillus)-> swine (swine pleuropneumonia)
- Pasturella multocida (coccobacillus; bipolar staining) -> dog & cat (bite), cattle, sheep, swine, birds
- Beiberstenia trehalosi (coccobacillus; bipolar staining)-> usually sheep
- Actinobacillus equuli (coccobacillus) -> horses, pigs
- Mannheimia hemolytica (coccobacillus; bipolar staining) -> cattle, sheep
89
Pasturellacea spp. clinical signs (Avibacterium, Pasturella, Mannheimia, Histophilus)
Avibacterium paragallinarum
- acute respiratory disease in chicken
- nasal discharge, facial swelling, tearing, anorexia, diarrhea, decreased food and water consumption
```
Pasturella multocida:
Progressive atrophic rhinitis
-sneezing, epistaxis, tear duct obstruction
-destruction of nasal turbinates
Fowl cholera
Acute
-fever, anorexia, nasal discharge + ocular
Chronic:
-widespread lesions
-pneumonia
Snuffles
-mucopurelent rhinosinusitis
-purelent discharge
-conjunctivitis, sneezing, coughing
-possible pneumonia
Bite Wounds
-abscess formation
```
Mannheimia hemolytica & Biberstenia trehalosi
Cattle -> shipping fever
-respiratory sign, nasal discharge, crusty nose
-respiratory distress
-abnormal lung sounds
-bronchopneumonia, fibrous pleuritis
Sheep and goats -> secondary pneumonia (enzootic pneumonia)
-similar to shipping fever
(Biberstenia mostly causes 2nd pneumonia; not primary; seen in bighorn sheep, occasionally cattle and sheep)
90
Pasturellacea spp. dx, tx, and control
```
Avibacterium paragallinarum
Dx:
-sinus, nasal and tracheal swabs
-growth on blood agar w/ Staph species
-PCR test
Tx:
-ab tx
Control:
-vaccines -> minimizes clinical symptoms
```
Pasteurella multocida
Dx:
pigs -> nasal swabs
rabbits -> nasal swabs, conjunctival exudates
animals w/ pneumonia -> bronchial lavage, transtracheal aspirates
Tx and Control:
-Ab tx
-vaccines available -> reduce prevalence
```
Mannheimia hemolytica & Biberstenia trehalosi
Dx:
-transtracheal aspirate
-bronchial lavage
Tx:
-antimicrobial resistance widespread
Control:
-vaccines available
-reduce stress
```
91
Pasturellea spp. clinical signs (Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia + equuli, Histophilus somni)
```
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
acute disease:
-severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia
-acute respiratory distress
chronic:
-intermittent coughing, subotpimal weight gain, reduced appetite
```
Histophilus somni
-bronchopneumonia, induced by stress
Systemic disease: (more fatal and acute in younger cattle)
-myocarditis, thrombotic meningoencephalitis, pneumonia
Less common:
-arthritis, otitis, spontaneous abortion
Actinobacillus equuli
-sleepy foal disease, navel ill, joint ill
Peracute:
-sleepy, diarrhea, prostration
-rapid death
-Arthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, septicemia in older horses
-Swine: arthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, septicemia, mastitis
92
Pasturellea spp. dx, tx, and control (Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia + equuli, Histophilus somni)
```
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Dx:
-pneumonic lung samples
-serology
Tx:
-ab tx
Control:
-vaccines, bacterin subunit
-herd isolation
```
```
Actinobacillus equuli
Dx:
-tissue, exudates, blood samples
Tx & control:
-ab tx
-disenfection of umbilicus
-infected mares tx or removed
```
```
Histophilus somni:
Systemic:
Dx
-based on necropsy -> seen lesions
Tx:
-IV ab
Control:
-vaccines
```
93
Moraxella spp. species and bacteria
- M. bovis -> cattle
| - M. ovis -> sheep and goats
94
Morexella spp. general
- Gram-, aerobic coccobacillus
- natural inhabitant of conjunctiva
- transmitted by flies
95
Moraxella spp. clinical signs
Pinkeye
- infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
- lateral corneal involvement, ulceration
- conjunctivitis -> watery discharge; blepharospasm
96
Moraxella spp. Dx, Tx, and control
```
Dx:
-conjunctival swab
Tx:
ophthalmic ointment w/ ab
Control:
vaccines + fly control
```
97
Bordetella spp. general
Gram-, obligate aerobic, coccobacillus
| -natural inhabitant of respiratory mucosa
98
Bordetella spp. species and bacteria
- B. bronchiseptica -> dog and pig
| - B. avium -> turkeys
99
Bordetella spp. clinical signs
```
B. bronchioseptica
Dog:
-kennel cough
-2nd infectious to adenovirus or parainfluenza
-spasmic episodes, retching, hacking
Pigs:
-mucopurelent discharge
-damage to nasal turbinates
OTHER host may not have signs....
```
B. avium
- Turkey coryza (close contact spread)
- feathers and wings crusted w. nasal discharge
- later -> tracheal rales, dyspnea, altered vocalization, decrease feeding + activity
100
Bordetella spp. Dx, Tx, and control
```
Dx:
nasal swabs or tracheal washes/swabs -> isolate pathogen
Tx:
-ab tx; poor action
Control:
-vaccines live attenuated given -> dog
-pig vaccines consist of toxins as well
-turkey coryza -> live attenuated bacteria or bacterins
```
101
Escheria coli spp. species and types
- Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus
- natural inhabitant of intestines -> widely distributed in environment
- Acquired by inhalation
- birds (normal E. coli)
- ETEC -> young animals: pigs, calves, lambs
- Shigga-Toxin-> pigs; any age
- EHEC -> cattle; any age
102
Escheria coli clinical signs
Air Saculitis, colibacillosis, colisepticemia
-respiratory distress
Enterotoxic E. coli
- secretory diarrhea -> toxin base
- dehydration, fluid imbalance, watery diarrhea
Shigga-Toxin
Acute disease:
-pigs -> STEC edema disease; found death or CNS sign, subcutaneous edema, diarrhea rare
Enterohemorrhagic
Acute disease:
-cattle -> hemorrhagic disease, hemolytic uremic syndrome
103
Escheria coli Dx, Tx, and control
Dx:
-Blood or tissue samples
NEED ELISA and PCR to confirm specific species
ETEC and Shigga-toxin
```
Tx:
-ab RESISTANCE common
ETEC -> fluid and electrolytes
ab therapy
STEC & EHEM
-ab sensitivity
```
Control:
- enviromental contamination prevent
- vaccines
ETEC & STEC & EHEM:
- careful hygiene procedures
- Anti-F5 antiserum given to newborns
104
Yersenia spp. species and bacteria
Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus
Affects humans -> can cause disease in animals (not specified)
-Cats -> susceptible to disease
-inhabitant of tolerant host to the pestis
Yersenia pestis -> lymphadenitis
-transmited by fleas
105
Yersenia spp. clinical signs, dx
(general) enteritis, mesenteric lymphadenitis
Plague:
Bubonic plague
-regional lymphadenitis -> burst
-fever, dehydration
Septicemic plague
-fever, shock, DIC
```
Pneumonic plague
-fever, coughing, sneezing
Plague:
Dx
-aspirate from lymph node
Tx
-ab tx
Control:
-flea control
```
106
Klebsiella spp. general and species
Gram-, facultative anaerobe, bacillus
- natural inhabitant of intestines; seen in enviroment
- can also contribute to UTI's
- Horses
- dog and cat
107
Klebsiella spp. tx, clinical sign, control
```
-pneumonia; often hemorrhagic
Tx:
-ab resistance common
Control:
-appropriate biosecurity
```
108
Coxiella spp. species and bacteria
- Gram-, obligate intracellular coccobacillus, microaerophilic
- Q fever -> humans
- sheep, goats, cattle
- shed in placenta and body fluids + amniotic fluid + feces
109
Coxiella spp. clinical signs, dx, tx, control,
-often asymptomatic
possible late term abortions; reduce milk yield, or stillbirths
(not given)
110
Burkholderia spp. general and species
- Gram- bacillus, aerobic
- B. mallei -> Glanders -> equids
- B. pseudomallei -> Melioidosis -> horses, goats, pigs, rodents, sheep
111
Burkholderia spp. clinical signs
Mallei
-acute disease:
fever, nasal discharge, lymphadenitis
-chronic:
Pulmonary -> epistaxis, labored breathing
Nasal -> nodular lesions on turbinates, enlarged lymph nodes
Skin -> subcutaneous nodules, enlarged lymph nodes
Pseudomallei
- Horses: similar to glanders
- Goats, pigs, -> chronic disease (pulmonary, nasal, and skin)
- Rodents and sheep -> CNS and high mortality
112
Burkholderia spp. dx, tx, and control
```
Dx:
exudate from lesions
Tx:
ab effective against both species
Control:
mallei test -> remove animals
```
113
Haemophilus parasuis spp. general and bacteria
Gram- bacillus, facultative anaerobe
-natural inhabitant of the nasopharynx of swine
NOT COMMON
114
Haemophilus parasuis clinical signs
Glasser's disease
-polyarthritis, meningitis, polyserositis
In endemic herds:
-sporadic disease
Acute:
-fever, malaise, respiratory distress, abdominal pian, lameness, paralytic signs
Chronic:
-poor performers, cough dyspnea, weight loss, lameness
In high stress herds:
-fibrinopurelent exudate along peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, joints, meninges
115
Haemophilus parasuis dx, tx, and control
```
Dx:
-herd history, clinical sign, necropsy
Tx and control:
-ab effective
-reduce bacteria but not eliminate
-vaccines available
```
116
Salmonella spp species and bacteria
- Gram-, bacillus, facultative anaerobe
- natural inhabitant of the intestines, widely distributed
- fecal-oral transmission
- seen in young -> cattle, swine
- horses w/ predisposing factor
- chicken and turkeys seen outside of USA
117
Salmonella spp. clinical signs
Newborns:
-septicemia, high fever, rapid death
Young animals:
-acute ententiritis, fever, fluid diarrhea w/ mucous +/- bloody
118
Salmonella spp. dx, tx, and control
```
Dx
-stool culture
-serotyping agglutination
Tx,
-antimicrobials recommended -> early for septicemia
Control:
-vaccines available
```
119
Lawsonia intracellularis spp. general
- Gram-, obligatory intracellular, bacillus, microaerophilic
- orofecal transmission
- Young pigs and horses
120
Lawsonia intracellularis spp. clinical signs
Proliferative ententiritis, ileitis, equine proliferative enteropathy
-graden hose gut
Chronic disease:
- seen in young animals
- anorexia, dullness, apathy, loose stool, progressive weight loss
Acute in pigs:
- hemorrhagic diarrhea
- rapid death -> black tarry feces
121
Lawsonia intracellularis dx, tx, and control
```
Dx
-immunofluorescence of tissue for pathogen or PCR
-cannot culture laswonia
Tx
-sensitive to ab
Control
-vaccination available
```
122
Brachyspira spp. general and species/bacteria
Gram-, spirochete (flagella inside), oxygen tolerant anaerobes
- inhabitant of GI tract
- fecal oral transmission
- B. hyodysenteriae -> pigs
- B. pilosicoli -> dog, birds, and pigs
123
Brachyspira spp. clinical signs
B. hyodysenteriae
- swine dysentery
- mucohemorrhagic diarrhea
B. pilosicoli
-mild diarrhea, dehydration
124
Brachyspira spp. dx, tx, and control
Dx
-stool specimen, rectal swab, mucosal scrapings
Tx
-sensitive to ab
125
Rickettsia spp. general, species and bacteria
Gram-, obligate intracellular, obligate aerobic, coccobacillus
- inside endothelial cells
- natural inhabitant of rodents
- transmited by ticks
- R. rickettsii -> dogs
126
Rickettsia spp. clinical signs
Rocky Mountain Spited Fever
- high fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic mucous membranes, lymph node tenderness, joints and muscle
- Petechial hemorrhages +/- echymotic hemorrhages -> mucous membranes
- CNS signs
127
Rickettsia spp. tx, dx, and control
```
Dx
-sereological test
Tx
-ab tx
Control
-reduce tick exposure
```
128
Francisella spp. general, species, and bacteria
- Gram-, bacillus, aerobic
- natural inhabitant of rabbits and hares
- arthropod transmited, ingestion, direct contact
- tularensis spp. tularensis -> cats
129
Francisella spp. clinical signs
Tularemia
| -fever, regional lymphadenopathy
130
Francisella spp. tx, dx, and control
```
Dx:
-Serological test
-Lymph node aspirate
-Growth on blood agar
Tx:
-Ab tx
```
131
Treponema spp. general and species
- Molicutes, stain Gram-, spirochete, obligate anaerobes
- transmision by contact
- digital dermatitis -> hooves animals
132
Treponema spp. clinical signs + everything
- Hairy foot, hairy heel wart
- ulcerative or proliferative lessions along coronary band -> mostly seen in hind limbs
- can resemble hair
- SELF-Diagnostic
133
Mycoplasma spp. general
- pleimorphic bacteria, stain Gram-, lack outer membrane and cell wall
- normal inhabitant of nasal, conjunctival, oral, intestinal, and genital mucosa
- aquired by inhalation or direct contact
- chronic infection common
- persistent activation of inflammatory system
134
Mycoplasma spp. bacteria and species
Cattle:
- M. bovis -> contagious mastitis
- M. bovoculli -> conjuntivitis
- M. mycoides spp. mycoides -> contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Avian
- M. gallisepticum -> primary chronic disease of respiratory and air sacs
- M. melagridis -> air sac disease [turkeys]
- M. iowae -> air sac disease [turkeys]
Small ruminant
-M. conjunctivae -> conjunctivitis
Ovien
-M. ovipneumoniae -> leads to 2nd pneumonia
Caprine
- M. mycoides spp. capri -> pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress
- M. mycoides spp. capripneumoniae -> contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Swine
- M. hyopneumoniae -> enzootic pneumonia
- M. suis -> infectious anemia of pigs
Felines
- M. felis -> conjunctivitis, pneumonie
- M. gateae -> conjunctivitis, pneumonie
- M. haemofelis -> anemia in cats (host derive)
Rodents
-M. pulmonis -> low grade respiratory disease
135
Mycoplasma spp. clinical signs
Cattle
- M. bovis -> mammary gland swollen, warm, doughy to firm; arthritis
- M. bovoculi -> conjunctivitis
- M. mycoides spp. mycoides -> respiratory distress, nasal discharge, sever depression
- M. wenyonii -> host-deprived anemia
Avian
- M. gallisepticum -> primary chronic disease of respiratory and air sacs
- M. melagridis -> air sac disease [turkeys]
- M. iowae -> air sac disease [turkeys]
- M. synoviae -> synovitis, lameness, retarded growth, dehydration
Caprine
-M. mycoides spp. capri -> pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress
-M. mycoides spp. capripneumoniae -> contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
-M. putregaciens -> arthritis
M. agalactiae -> arthritis
Ovien
- M. ovipneumoniae -> leads to 2nd pneumonia
- M. ovis -> host derived anemia
M. hyopneumoniae -> enzootic pneumonia
Felines
M. haemofelis -> weakness, pallor, fever, icterus
-host deprive anemia
Suis:
- M. suis -> anorexia, fever, weakness, icterus
- M. hyorhinis -> polyserositis, arthritis, inapettance
- M. hyosynovia -> arthritis, lameness
Dog
-M. spumans -> arthritis
136
Mycoplasma spp. tx, dx, and control
-ab limited use
Cattle
-M. bovis -> cull animals; good hygiene
Others:
Dx:
-swabs and collect pathogen
-see fried egg colony
-enzootic pneumonia of swine -> PCR
Tx
-sensitive to ab; ineffective in vivo
Control:
-Vaccines available for some classes -> birds and cattle
-M. gallisepticum, M. hyopneumoniae, M. bovis
-Prevent disease by reducing stress and contact with sis animals
-Mycoplasma species in blood can be treated with tetracycline
-prevention involves controlling of the transmitted arthropods
M. haemofelis -> ticks
M. suis -> hog louse
M. wenyonii and M. ovis -> by ticks or blood borne arthropods
137
Anaplasmatacea family general
- pseudoGram- bacteria, two membranes; lack LPS
- Obligate aerobes; obligate intracellular bacteria
- transmited by vectors (insects)
- multiply inside macrophages and granulocytes
138
Anaplasmatacea family species and bactera
```
-Anaplasma spp.
A. marginalis -> ruminants
A. centralis -> ruminants
A. platys -> dogs
A. phagocytophilum -> dog, horse
```
-Neorickettsia spp.
N. risticii -> horses
N. helmolithica -> dogs and cats
-Ehrlichia spp.
E. ewingii -> dogs
E. chaffensi -> dogs
E. canis -> dogs
139
Anaplasmatacea family clinical signs
-Neorickettsia spp.
potomac fever in horses
-fever, listlessness, anorexia, leukopenia, diarrhea
-salmon poisoning disease, fever, swollen, anorexia, depression, persistent diarrhea
-Ehrlichia spp.
E. chaffensi & ewingii -> mild disease (canine granulocyte ehrlichiosis)
E. canis -> severe disease (canine macrocytic ehrlichiosis)
Acute:
-fever, lymphadenopahty, innapetance, weight loss
Chronic:
inappetence, weight loss, epistaxis, meningitis, glomerulonephritis
-Anaplasma spp.
A. phagocytophilum -> fever, inappetence, lethargy, lameness, possible bleeding tendencies
A platys -> thrombocytopenia w/ no signs,
A. marginale -> anemia, weight loss, abortion, removed cells by host
seen in older animals
140
Anaplasmatacea family dx, tx, and control
```
Dx
-serologically or PCR
-aspirate lymph nodes; vacuoles inside macrophages
Tx
-ab tx
Control
-vaccine available
-prevent exposure
```
141
Borelia spp. general, bacteria
- burgdorferi
- pseudoGram-, spirochete, microaerophilic
- Transmited by ticks
- lyme disease
142
Borelia spp. species and clincal signs
Dog -> polyarthritis, fever, anorexia; renal disease in certain breeds
Horses -> arthritis, ocular and neuronal involvement
143
Borelia spp. dx, tx, and control
```
Dx
-PCR or serology; can differentiate between vaccinated animals or infected
-many animals exposed but no signs
Tx
-ab tx
Control
-Lyme disease vaccine - subunit
-tick control
```
