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mortuary hygiene > bacteria and microorganism vocab > Flashcards

bacteria and microorganism vocab Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

discovery of microorganism (1665)

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

first observance of microorganisms (1674-1683)

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek

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3
Q

Anton van Leuwenhoek (created…, observed..)

A

inventor of microscope; observed microorganisms and discovered bacteria)

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4
Q

spontaneous generation theory

A

that life is generated from non-living matter (i.e. maggots generated from rotting meat)

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5
Q

disproval of spontaneous generation theory

A

francesco redi, John Needham (chicken broth), Louis Pasteur (boiled broth using gooseneck flask)

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6
Q

causation of disease established by [name]

A

Robert Koch

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7
Q

what was discovered in bovine blood that established disease-causing microorganisms

A

anthrax

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8
Q

Koch’s criteria for determining specific disease-causing organisms

A
  1. microorganism must be present in every instance of the disease
  2. microorganism must be isolated from the host and grown in a culture
  3. specific disease must be produced when a pure culture is inoculated
  4. microorganism must be recoverable from the experimental host
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9
Q

limitations of Koch’s postulate

A

some microbes can cause multiple diseases/vice versa (multiple microbes cause one disease), not a 1:1 relationship

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10
Q

ideas predating spontaneous generation theory

A

balancing of the humours, punishment for sin, bad air

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11
Q

german who studied staining techniques of animal tissues

A

paul elrich

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12
Q

elrich’s goal in research and what he established

A

“magic bullet” cure for syphilis, basis of modern chemotherapy

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13
Q

chemotherapy

A

chemical treatment of disease

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14
Q

discovered first antibiotic in 1928

A

alexander fleming

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15
Q

discovered by alexander fleming from molded culture

A

penicillin

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16
Q

vaccines developed by Pasteur

A

anthrax, fowl cholera, rabies

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17
Q

edward jenner, 1798

A

utilized cowpox microbes to inoculate against smallpox

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18
Q

microbiology definintion

A

scientific study of microorganism and their effects on other living things

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19
Q

cellular microbe examples

A

eukaryotes, bacteria, etc.

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20
Q

acellular microbe examples

A

viruses, prions

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21
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus and cytoskeleton; most animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa; membrane bound organelles; DNA bound within nucleus; larger, complex cells

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22
Q

Eukaryotic DNA organization

A

linear, 46 homologous chromosome pairs , DNA wrapped around histones

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23
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

no nucleus or organelles; DNA moves freely across the cell; cell wall = peptidoglycan; incl. bacteria and archaea; smaller cell size

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24
Q

prokaryotic DNA organization

A

most have large, double-stranded DNA in one chromosome (single copy of each gene). circular DNA, may be circular plasmids, no histones

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25
domains
eukarya, bacteria, archaea
26
kingdoms
protista, fungi, plantae, animalia, (monera- defunct)
27
taxonomy order
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
28
bacteria kingdom
monera
29
single-celled, free-living organisms or parasites, 1x larger than viruses
general bacteria info
30
single-celled, eukaryotes, free-living
protozoa general info
31
filamentous, uni/multicellular, lack chlorophyll, spore-bearing
fungi general info
32
protozoa incl.
flagellates, amoebae, sporozoans, ciliates, algae
33
fungi incl.
molds and yeasts, dipmorphic fungi
34
viruses general info
acellular microbes; intracellular, infectious parasite; lives and replicates in living cells; extremely small; depends on hist cells
35
Prions general info
36
microbes that cause (infectious) disease are
pathogens
37
T/F: most microbes aren't harmful to humans and are present in the body
T
38
method of asexual reproduction; cell splits into two parts which individually develop into 2 complete cells
binary fission
39
number of bacteria needed for a colony to be visible to the naked eye
1 mil+
40
new generations of bacteria will form every ____ min (optimal conditions)
20
41
morphology =
shape, size, arrangement of bacterial cells
42
average size of a bacterial cell
1-2 microns W, 1-20 microns L
43
gen bacterial shape: coccus
isolated spheres
44
gen bacterial shape: bacillus
rod-shaped
45
gen bacterial shape: spirillum
spiral-shaped
46
coccus shapes include (arrangements, 3)
diplococci (pairs), staphylococci (clusters), streptococci (chain)
47
gram-positive
bacteria contains multiple peptidoglycan layers and inner cytoplasmic membrane, stain appears cooler
48
gram-negative
one peptidoglycan layer between a dual lipopolysaccharide membrane (outer and cytoplasmic), stain appears warmer
49
bacillus shapes include (arrangement, 1)
diplobacilli (double bacillus, linked end-to-end)
50
spirillm shape incl (arrangement, 3)
vibrio (comma-shaped), spirillum (corkscrew), spirochete (ribbon/wave)
51
cell wall functions
shape, prevent excessive water absorption
52
prokaryotic cytoplasm and inclusions
80% water, internal matri, chromosomes and plasmids, inclusions (sometimes incl. in cytoplasm) often serve same purposes as organelles
53
plasmid
circular molecule of DNA, double stranded; genetic engineering and cloning uses
54
prokaryotic capsules
organized/attached externally, firm attachment, glycocalyx secretions, protects
55
slime layer
loose attachment of capsule, glycocalyx secretions, can become a biofilm
56
helical filaments containing appendages that allow motility; spin; may be absorbed/deployed as needed
flagella
57
monotrichous
one flagellum
58
amphitrichous
one flagellum at either end
59
lophotrichous
2+ flagella on either end
60
pertitrichous
many flagella around cell
61
bacteria "swim" via
flagella
62
chemotaxis
movement of organism/cell resulting from chemical stimulus
63
phototaxis
movement of cell/organism resulting from light stimulus
64
fimbriae and pilli
pilli generally longer, fewer in number, involved in conjugation (genetic exchange); thin protein tubes that allow movement, attachment to surfaces
65
endospores
formed within the cell, highly resistant to meds, disinfectants, and physical agents, capable of disease transmission; allow bacterial cells to survive harsh conditions
66
endospores are considered active in what state
vegetative state
67
chemoorganotrophs
obtain energy from organic compounds
68
chemolithotropes
obtain energy from inorganic compounds (many use hydrogen sulfide)
69
phototrophs
obtain energy from light
70
autotrophic bacteria are _____ producers
primary
71
able to grow and thrive w/o organic compounds, obatin C thru byproducts (CO20
autoptrophs
72
require complex organic food from direct C source, incl. obligate saprophytes/parasites and facultative bacteria
heterotrophs
73
obligate
strict need (obligate aerobes require O2 for survival)
74
facultative
do not strictly require
75
saprophytes feed on
dead/decaying matter
76
parasites need ____ for survival
need living host to feed on organic matter
77
oxygen required by microaerophilic bacteria
minimal amounts
78
psychrophiles thrive in temps of
0-25 C (cold)
79
mesophiles prefer temps of
25-40 C (moderate)
80
thermophiles prefer temps of
40-70 C (high)
80
body's pH (avg)
7-7.5
81
neutral pH is at abt
7
82
halophiles
requires some NaCl
83
extremophiles
group of prokaryotes able to survive in extreme conditions
84
alkaliphiles prefer
high pH (>9)
85
acidophiles prefer
low pH (<5)
86
two solutions of differing concentrations are separated by a semi-permeable membrane
osmotic pressure
87
plasmolysis
bacterial cell shrinkage (dehydration, hypertonic environment)
88
plasmoptysis
bacterial cells swell and burst ("mop up" water, hypotonic environment)
89
species living tgth in close association
symbiosis
90
mutualism
both species benefit from relationship
91
commensalism
one species benefits, other is unharmed
92
parasitism
one species benefits, other is harmed
93
synergism
harmonious action that produces effect neither microorganism could produce by itself`
94
95
competitive exclusion
a different (less desirable) species is outcompeted for a niche
96
disease-causing microorganisms
pathogens
97
sterilization
complete removal/destruction of all life forms (vegetative microbes, endospores, prions)
98
disinfection
destruction of infectious agents (pathogens) by chemical/physical means, directly applied)
99
antisepsis
inhibits growth of causative microorganisms, applied to living tissue
100
decontamination
treatment of an object/ surface to make it safe for handling
101
biosafety levels
measure of biosafety depending on the degree of pathogen hazard
102
BSL-1
no special precautions, typical bio lab
103
BSL-2:
pathogens like HIV, Hep. B; extra precautions needed (vaccines, sharps disposal, infectious waste)
104
BSL-3
serious/potentially lethal; TB, encephalitis viruses, etc; higher levels of precautions
105
BSL-4
lethal pathogens like ebola, anthrax, etc; highest level of precaution
106
physical/mechanical means of microorg. control
scrubbing, cold, UV/radiation, HEPA filters, heat
107
aseptic control of microorg.
eliminate and exclude pathogens; hand washing, sterile PPE, sterilization of equipment
108
chemical control of microorg.
disinfectants
109
germicide
destroys microorganisms
110
bactericide
destroys bacteria
111
fungicide
kills fungi and spores
112
viricide
destructive to viruses
113

mortuary hygiene (2 decks)

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