bacterial/mycoplasma diseases

Question 1

potential risk-factors for infection include:

Answer 1

age, diet, stress, immunosuppression, environmental factors, genetic factors
race, ethnicity, socioeconomics, place of living

Question 2

toxicity

Answer 2

ability of an organism to cause disease through a pre-formed toxin that inhibits/kills host cells

Question 3

endotoxin vs exotoxin

Answer 3

exotoxins can be released by some living gram-positive bacteria

Question 4

virulence

Answer 4

power and degree of pathogenicity

Question 5

LD50

Answer 5

lethal dose (amt. of agent that kills 50% of test groups)

Question 6

drug-fast or MDR

Answer 6

resistance to pharmaceuticals

Question 7

attenuation

Answer 7

weakening virulence

Question 8

opportunist pathogens

Answer 8

normally exist within the body (endogenous), but can become pathogenic under certain conditions

Question 9

mechanical defenses against disease

Answer 9

skin (glands), mucous membranes, tears, cilia

Question 10

physiological defenses against pathogens

Answer 10

inflammation, immune response, fever, phagocytosis

Question 11

chemical defenses against pathogens

Answer 11

lysozymes, gastric juices, interferon, saliva

Question 12

local vs general vs focal infections

Answer 12

germs multiply in: one location vs across the body (systemic) vs begin in one area and spread

Question 13

infection acquired in hospital setting

Answer 13

nosocomial

Question 14

four stages of infection

Answer 14

1. incubation period
2. prodromal period
3. period of illness (true symptom onset)
4. convalescent period

Question 15

bacteria present in blood, not multiplying

Answer 15

bacteremia

Question 16

“blood poisoning,” bacteria multiplying in blood

Answer 16

septicemia

Question 17

distribution of poisonous waste through circulatory system, causes generalized symptoms

Answer 17

toxemia

Question 18

reservoir

Answer 18

natural habitat of a disease-causing organism

Question 19

reservoir/environmental hosts

Answer 19

harbor and transmit pathogen

Question 20

passive carriers

Answer 20

have pathogen, asymptomatic (not diseased)

Question 21

incubatory carrier

Answer 21

capable of transmitting pathogen during incubation period

Question 22

convalescent carrier

Answer 22

harbor and transmit pathogen during recovery from disease

Question 23

active carrier

Answer 23

harbor pathogen indefinitely after recovery

Question 24

reservoir vs vector

Answer 24

where disease is multiplying vs how it’s transmitted

Question 25

acquired immunity types

Answer 25

natural active: develop immunity after recovery natural passive: placental transfer artificial active: vaccinations artificial passive: immune serums (injection of antibodies)

Question 26

antigens

Answer 26

foreign substances that stimulate formation of antibodies

Question 27

antibodies

Answer 27

glycoproteins that interact w/ antigens as a response to infection; specialized and individualized

Question 28

Clostridium difficile- info and pathogenicity

Answer 28

gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, nocosomal infection, etreme gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea

Question 29

C. diff- portal of entry/exit

Answer 29

gastrointestinal tract, medical facilities, contamination, contact

Question 30

what makes C. diff so difficult to treat?

Answer 30

by wiping out all the bacteria in the GI tract, a single C. diff endospore has "prime real estate" to infect; replenishing the microbiome w/ healthy bacteria is preferable treatment

Question 31

Corynebacterium diphtheriae info and pathogenicity

Answer 31

gram-positive, club-shaped rod, causes mouth lesions and diphtheria

Question 32

C. diphtheriae portal of entry/exit, modes of transmission

Answer 32

upper-respiratory tract (pharynx); person-to-person, droplet spray

Question 33

Francisella tularensis- info and pathogenicity

Answer 33

gram-negative rod, displays bipolar staining, rabbit fever and tularemia

Question 34

F. tularensis- portal and modes of transmission

Answer 34

unbroken skin pores (no tears or wound required), handing infected animals

Question 35

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 35

acid-fast bacterial rod, forms tbercals (masses formed in tissue that can break open and cause recurrence of TB), may be MDR; tuberculosis

Question 36

acid-fast meaning

Answer 36

acid used as a decolorizer, determines pathogenicity due to outer coating (high lipid content)

Question 37

M. tuberculosis- portals and modes of transmission

Answer 37

respiratory tract, airborne environment

Question 38

Mycobacterium avium- info and pathogenicity

Answer 38

acid-fast bacterial rod, lung infection in immunocompromised persons (AIDS/HIV patients)

Question 39

M. avium- portals and modes of transmission

Answer 39

respiratory tract; birds (pigeons)

Question 40

Leptospira interrogans

Answer 40

spirochete, leptospirosis (jaundice-causing)

Question 41

L. interrogans- portals and modes

Answer 41

eyes, mouth, nose, breaks in the skin; soil-borne, cat litter

Question 42

Borrelia burgdorferi- info and pathogenicity

Answer 42

spirochete, may lie dormant for long periods; Lyme disease

Question 43

B. bugdorferi- portals and modes

Answer 43

bites in the skin; vectors in deer flies/ticks, can spread through animals' urine

Question 44

treponema palladium info and pathogenicity

Answer 44

spirochete, gram-neg., enterotoxin; asiatic cholera

Question 45

T. palladium portal of entry/exit and modes

Answer 45

GI tract, digestive system; contaminated food/water

Question 46

Staphylococcus aureus info/pathogenicity

Answer 46

gram-posi, extreme virulence, generally penicillin resistant, some MDR; staph infections, skin abscesses, food poisoning (enterotoxin), nosocomial infections, toxic shock, MRSA

Question 47

S. aureus portals/modes

Answer 47

mucous membranes, skin, upper resp. tract; droplet spray, boils/abscesses, reservoir hosts

Question 48

Streptococcus pyogenes info and pathogenicity

Answer 48

gram posi, pus generative; strep, septic sore throat, puerperal sepsis, rheumatic fever, exotoxin A causes toxic shock or scarlet fever

Question 49

S. pyogenes modes and portals

Answer 49

droplet spray; soft tissue nasopharynx